Anti-Struvite, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch Asteraceae

Abstract

Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch is a traditional herb used to treat kidney stone problems because it contains several molecules used to treat this health problem, such as quercitrin. Infectious stones are the most painful of all urinary tract disorders, with ammonium phosphate (struvite) and carbapatite stones being the most common, caused by a bacterial infection with urease activity. These stones are treated with antibiotics, but antibiotic resistance is on the rise. The current study investigated the anti-urolithic activities of S. costus aqueous and ethanolic extracts of against struvite crystals synthesized using microscopic crystallization and turbidimetric methods, respectively. The utilized methods indicated that the ethanolic extract of this plant has a significant inhibitory effect on struvite crystallization, with a percentage inhibition of (87.45 ± 1.107) (p < 0.001) for a concentration of 1 mg mL−1 and a decrease in the number of struvite crystals, reaching values less than 100/mm3. For the number of struvite crystals inhibited by cystone, we found a value of 400/mm3 and with the aqueous extract we found 700/mm3. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts studied was examined against several urease-producing bacteria, and this activity was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods; the highest minimum inhibitory concentration was seen in the ethanolic extract, with an MIC of 50 mg mL−1 for Staphylococcus aureus followed by an MIC of 200 mg mL−1 for Klebsiella pneumoniae. It showed a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae (>50 mg mL−1 and >200 mg mL−1, respectively). Furthermore, to determine the extract’s anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in rats. The results show that at a dose of 400 mg kg−1, the ethanolic extract has a maximum edema inhibition of 66%.

New Triazole-Isoxazole Hybrids as Antibacterial Agents: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro, and In Silico Studies

“…To assess the activity of the active molecule, we conducted an experiment to determine the MIC, which is described as the weakest concentration of antibacterial agent needed to prevent the growth of a bacterial species [ 60 ]. In our experiment, we determined the MIC using a modified microdilution technique on a microtiter plate described previously by Mammate et al [ 61 ]. A 96-well plate was used in which each well was inoculated with 20 µL of strain inoculated in 0.9% NaCl solution and adjusted to 0.5 McFarland, plus 20 µL of the tested compounds in solutions after performing a 2-fold serial dilution giving us solutions ranging from 30 mg/mL to 0.029 mg/mL for each of the six compounds, plus 120 µL of sterile Mueller–Hinton Broth (MHB).…”

The use of electron microscopy for lithiasis research

“…The Use of Electron Microscopy for Lithiasis Research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1003738 the presence of struvite [19]; nutritional factors, such as increased dietary intake of oxalate [20]; environmental factors, such as climate, which are involved in the epidemiology of urinary lithiasis [21]; age and sex in general, with a higher incidence of urolithiasis in men over 50 and women over 40 [22] and genetic factors, with urolithiasis induced by hereditary diseases being relatively rare [23].…”

“…There are several types of urinary calculi, the most common of which are oxalocalcic calculi, which account for up to 80% of cases and can be divided into two forms: calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite) and calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) [33]. In addition, phosphate calculi can be divided into two forms: calcium phosphates, which have a macroscopic chalky appearance, as in the case of brushite, and ammonium-magnesium phosphates, of which struvite represents 20%, which are included in the category of infectious lithiasis, because the presence of struvite necessarily attests to the intervention of a ureolytic germ (Proteus or Klebsiella), which can cause urinary alkalinity to be sufficiently high to provoke the simultaneous precipitation of ammonium and magnesium phosphates [19]. In addition, there are rare types of stones such as cystine stones, which account for 1% and are present as smooth, light-yellow and waxy-looking stones.…”