AimsWe evaluated the involvement of lncRNAs in the development of pathologies associated with chronic hyperglycemia in rat models in in a model of type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes.MethodsReports were searched in Dialnet, Scielo, HINARI, Springer, ClinicalKey, OTseeker, PubMed and different grey literature databases with any restrictions. Bibliography databases will be searched from their inception to December 2022.ResultsThirty‐eight studies met our criteria, and they had the following characteristics: original experimental studies on diabetes, the lncRNAs were extracted or measured from tissues of specific areas, and the results were expressed in terms of standard measures by RT‐PCR. In most studies both primary and secondary outcomes were mentioned. On the other hand, we found a total of nine diabetic complications, being retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and liver damage the most representatives. Additionally, it was found that MALAT1, H19, NEAT1, and TUG1 are the most studied lncRNAs about these complications in rats. On the other hand, the lncRNAs with the highest rate of change were MSTRG.1662 (17.85; 13.78, 21.93), ENSRNOT00000093120_Aox3 (7.13; 5.95, 8.31) and NONRATG013497.2 (‐5.55; ‐7.18, ‐3.93).ConclusionsThis review found a significant involvement of lncRNAs in the progression of pathologies associated with chronic hyperglycemia in rat models, and further studies are needed to establish their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diabetes.