Antibacterial activity and mechanism of sanguinarine against Staphylococcus aureus by interfering with the permeability of the cell wall and membrane and inducing bacterial ROS production

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is representative of gram-positive bacteria. Sanguinarine chloride hydrate (SGCH) is the hydrochloride form of sanguinarine (SG), one of the main extracts of Macleaya cordata (M. cordata). There are few reports on its antibacterial mechanism against SA. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the in vitro antibacterial activity and mechanism of SGCH against SA. The inhibitory zone, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were measured, and the bactericidal activity curve was plotted. In addition, the micromorphology, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, Na+K+, Ca2+Mg2+-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) were observed and detected. The results showed that the inhibitory zone of SGCH against SA was judged as medium-sensitive; the MIC and MBC were 128 and 256 μg/mL, respectively; in the bactericidal activity curve, SGCH with 8 × MIC could completely kill SA within 24 h. SGCH was able to interfere with the integrity and permeability of the SA cell wall and membrane, as confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the increase in extracellular AKP and Na+ K+, Ca2+ Mg2+-ATP activities as well as the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining experiment results. Moreover, a high concentration of SGCH could induce SA to produce large amounts of ROS. In summary, these findings revealed that SGCH has a preferable antibacterial effect on SA, providing an experimental and theoretical basis for using SG as an antibiotic substitute in animal husbandry and for the clinical control and treatment of diseases caused by SA.

Antifungal Activity and Putative Mechanism of HWY-289, a Semisynthetic Protoberberine Derivative, against Botrytis cinerea

“…Many compounds perform antimicrobial effects by disrupting the microstructure of cells . The integrity and function of the cell membrane are critical to the survival of bacteria . In this study, HWY-289 altered the permeability of the cell membrane, possibly through electrolytes, nucleic acid leakage, and protein leakage, which ultimately affected the integrity of the cell membrane.…”

Studies on the Inhibition Mechanism of Linalyl Alcohol against the Spoilage Microorganism Brochothrix thermosphacta

“…Di-O-acetylfluorescein (FDA) can produce yellow-green fluorescein, and when the cell membrane is damaged, the intracellular fluorescence intensity decreases sharply [31]. As shown in Figure 3B, the fluorescence intensity of B. thermosphacta treated with linalyl alcohol was significantly lower than that of the untreated group, and the fluorescence intensity diminished with increasing concentration.…”

“…The fluorescence intensity of FDA can reflect the integrity and permeability of the bacterial cell membrane. Based on the methodology proposed by Gu with appropriate adjustments [31], different concentrations of the linalyl alcohol solution were added for incubation, the bacteria were collected and washed twice with PBS, and the supernatant was discarded and incubated with 250 µL of an FDA-acetone solution (2 mg/mL) for 20 min at room temperature. The average fluorescence intensity was determined after three washings with PBS (0.01 M, pH = 7.4).…”

Zwitterion-Modified MXene Quantum Dot as a Nanocarrier for Traditional Chinese Medicine Sanguinarine Delivery and Its Application for Photothermal-Chemotherapy Synergistic Antibacterial and Wound Healing

“…family, is a widely used TCM. 16 As early as the Tang Dynasty, people discovered that it could be used as a medicinal material for wounds. This is because sanguinarine (SAN), the main component of Boluohui extract, has good antiinflammatory and bactericidal properties and can effectively prevent wound infection.…”

“…Boluohui, a plant of the Papaveraceae Juss . family, is a widely used TCM . As early as the Tang Dynasty, people discovered that it could be used as a medicinal material for wounds.…”