Antibacterial activity of plant species used for oral health against Porphyromonas gingivalis

Abstract

Porphyromonas gingivalis is the keystone pathogen of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease which causes tooth loss and deterioration of gingiva. Medicinal plants have been traditionally used for oral hygiene and health and might play a role as antibacterial agents against oral pathogens. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of plants used for oral hygiene or symptoms of periodontitis against P. gingivalis. We first reviewed the literature to identify plant species used for oral hygiene or symptoms of periodontitis. Then, we cross-checked this species list with our in-house library of plant extracts to select extracts for testing. Antibacterial activity tests were then performed for each plant extract against P. gingivalis, and their cytotoxicity was assessed on HaCaT cells. The selectivity index (SI) was then calculated. A total of 416 plant species belonging to 110 families and 305 genera were documented through our literature search, and 158 plant species were noted as being used by North American Native peoples Once cross-checked with the extracts contained in our library of natural products, 30 matches were identified and 21 were defined as high priority. Of the 109 extracts from 21 plant species selected and tested, 21 extracts from 11 plants had higher than 90% inhibition on P. gingivalis at 64 μg/mL and were further selected for MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) assays. Out of 21 plant extracts, 13 extracts (7 plant species) had a SI > 10. Pistacia lentiscus fruits showed the best MIC with value of 8 μg/mL, followed by Zanthoxylum armatum fruits/seeds with a MIC of 16 μg/mL. P. lentiscus fruits also showed the highest SI of 256. Most of the extracts tested present promising antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity. Further testing for biofilm eradication and examination of activity against other dental pathogens and oral commensals should be performed to confirm the potential of these extracts as antibacterial agents. Future work will focus on application of a bioassay-guided fractionation approach to isolating and identifying the most active natural products in the top performing extracts. This study can serve as a basis for their future development as ingredients for oral hygiene products.

Prospective Application of Two New Pyridine-Based Zinc (II) Amide Carboxylate in Management of Alzheimer’s Disease: Synthesis, Characterization, Computational and in vitro Approaches

“…Two carboxylic acid derivatives, namely Ligand 7 (HL 7 ) and Ligand 8 (HL 8 ), were synthesized in the laboratory by our following reported method. 41 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, NaHCO 3 , and pyridine were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich corporation (St Louis, MO; Analytical Grade) and used as such without further purification.…”

“…These two starting compounds were synthesized and acquired by protocols as published in our previous research work (AAZ1-AAZ6). 42 The sodium salts of HL 7 and HL 8 were prepared by drop-wise addition of sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution (2.5 mmol) into the ligands suspended solutions (2.5 mmol), as demonstrated in Scheme 1. Continuous stirring was carried out for 4-5 hours until the clear solution appeared.…”

“…7 Researchers also reveal that Alzheimer's disease might result from an infection by oral bacteria Plasmodium gingivalis. 8 Toxins produced by these bacteria are called gingipains that accumulate in the brain. The effects of Alzheimer's disease vary from person to person and can be understood in three stages.…”

Leaves and Fruits Preparations of Pistacia lentiscus L.: A Review on the Ethnopharmacological Uses and Implications in Inflammation and Infection

“…Similarly, the antimicrobial efficacy of extracts can be attributed to the richness of polyphenols [ 25 , 38 , 46 , 69 , 70 , 76 , 111 ], in particular in regard to the concentrations of tannins, flavonoids, and lignin-carbohydrate complexes in the polyphenols mixture [ 11 ]. This is also the case with the ethanol extract of fruits, which showed the highest inhibition potential against P. gingivalis in comparison to 20 other extracts of pharmaceutical plants [ 112 ]. Furthermore, the potency of the fruits extract were higher than that of the leaves and woody parts, with MIC values against P. gingivalis of 8 μg/mL.…”

“…The absence of side effects to oral cells is strengthened concerning the polyphenol extracts. In detail, the fruits extract showed high biocompatibility and a selecting index (SI) of cytotoxicity equal to > 256 toward the human gingival cells, at the same time demonstrating a strong response against periodontal bacteria [ 112 ].…”