Antibacterial Activity of Ulva/Nanocellulose and Ulva/Ag/Cellulose Nanocomposites and Both Blended with Fluoride against Bacteria Causing Dental Decay

Abstract

One of the most prevalent chronic infectious disorders is tooth decay. Acids produced when plaque bacteria break down sugar in the mouth cause tooth decay. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus are the most prominent species related to dental caries. Innovative biocidal agents that integrate with a biomaterial to prevent bacterial colonization have shown remarkable promise as a result of the rapid advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In this study, Ulva lactuca was used as a cellulose source and reducing agent to synthesize nanocellulose and Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites. The characterizations of nanocellulose and Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites were tested for FT-IR, TEM, SEM, EDS, XRD, and zeta potential. Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites and Ulva/nanocellulose, both blended with fluoride, were tested as an antibacterial against S. mutans ATCC 25175 and L. acidophilus CH-2. The results of the SEM proved that nanocellulose is filament-shaped, and FT-IR proved that the functional groups of Ulva/nanocellulose and Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites and cellulose are relatively similar but present some small diffusion in peaks. The TEM image demonstrated that the more piratical size distribution of Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites ranged from 15 to 20 nm, and Ulva/nanocellulose ranged from 10 to 15 nm. Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites have higher negativity than Ulva/nanocellulose. Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites and Ulva/nanocellulose possess antibacterial activity against S. mutans ATCC 25175 and L. acidophilus CH-2, but Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites are more effective, followed by that blended with fluoride. It is possible to use Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites as an antimicrobial agent when added to toothpaste. It is promising to discover an economic and safe nanocomposite product from a natural source with an antimicrobial agent that might be used against tooth bacteria.

Study on the Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics of Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye Using Ag-NPs-Loaded Cellulose Derived from Peanut-Husk Agro-Waste

“…On the other hand, the silver is present in low weight (0.27%), which may be due to the low amount of nano-silver used in the fabrication of the nanocomposite compared to that of cellulose (17 mg Ag-NPs fabricated by A. indica to 2.0 g of MCC). As reported in the literature, the greatest components of Ag-cellulose nanocomposites derived from green alga Ulva lactuca were carbon and oxygen [43]. The EDS analysis for the Ag-cellulose nanocomposite used for the adsorption of CV dye is shown in Figure 2c, where it appeared that the silver content disappeared, which may be due to the adsorption of CV dye on the composite surface.…”

Biocidal Coatings against Gram-Positive Bacteria from Linear and Branched Polycations: The Decisive Role of the Diffusion Coefficients of Macromolecules

“…Polymer coatings are widely used as protective layers to prevent formation of biofilms on different surfaces [38][39][40]. In general, these protective polymers could be divided in classes of anti-fouling coatings, bacteria-killing coatings and matrixes for distribution of low-molecular-weight biocides.…”

Antibacterial Activities of Ag/Cellulose Nanocomposites Derived from Marine Environment Algae against Bacterial Tooth Decay

“…The insoluble fraction was then suspended in 400 mL of 0.5 M NaOH after being rinsed with distilled water. For 16 h, the mixture was maintained at 60 °C and was then removed from the oven, allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered, and washed three times with distilled water before the insoluble fraction was collected [ 32 ]. The extraction procedure is schematically shown in Figure 1 .…”

“…Figure 1. Protocol of cellulose extraction, nanocellulose, and Ag-cellulose nanocomposite synthesis (Reprinted/adapted with permission from Hamouda et al,[32]). …”