Antibacterial Activity Studies of 3D-Printing Polyetheretherketone Substrates with Surface Growth of 2D TiO₂/ZnO Rodlike Arrays

Abstract

Heterogeneous metal implants have been applied in clinical treatments of skeletal wounds, but their low antibacterial properties and the possibility of a release of metal ions may have harmful influences on the human body. Therefore, a polymer implant with low cost, high safety, an elastic modulus similar to that of human bone, and a good antibacterial property must be produced for orthopedic treatments. In this study, the surface of a 3D-printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) disk was grown with ZnO/TiO 2 rodlike arrays using a chemical bath deposition. X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy images showed that TiO 2 /ZnO rodlike arrays were deposited onto the PEEK substrate. With the direct absorption of antibiotic agents onto the surface of TiO 2 /ZnO/PEEK samples, their antibacterial performances greater than the values of minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit the growth of 90% of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) remained for around 10 days. The concentration of Zn 2+ ions in a buffer solution is reduced with the coating of a TiO 2 layer on a ZnO rodlike array. The sample with absorption from a mixture containing ampicillin and vancomycin salts with a weight ratio of 1:1 had the best inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli and S. aureus .

Degradation Kinetic Studies of BSA@ZIF-8 Nanoparticles with Various Zinc Precursors, Metal-to-Ligand Ratios, and pH Conditions

“…To further verify the effect of buffer on the release of BSA@ZIF-8 NPs, we investigated the abovementioned release situation of BSA@ZIF-8 NPs in lactic acid and saline solution (Figure S9). It was found that the release rate and amount of BSA@ZIF-8 after incubation in pure lactic acid were higher than those in NaCl solution with lactic acid, which indicated that the concentration of hydrogen bonds in buffer solution was the key factor to determine the release of protein at the same pH value. , …”

“…It was found that the release rate and amount of BSA@ZIF-8 after incubation in pure lactic acid were higher than those in NaCl solution with lactic acid, which indicated that the concentration of hydrogen bonds in buffer solution was the key factor to determine the release of protein at the same pH value. 23 , 53 …”

Research progress of 3D printed poly (ether ether ketone) in the reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial bone defects

“…A chemical synthesis method was employed to cultivate zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod arrays on FDM printed PEEK substrates as carriers of antibiotics (ampicillin or vancomycin), aiming to provide appropriate antibacterial characteristics to these samples ( Figure 7B ) ( Chen et al, 2019 ). To avoid the disintegration of ZnO rod-shaped arrays due to the acidic nature of attached antibiotics and to prevent cell cytotoxicity and repaid drug release caused by the release of metal ions, an additional procedure can be conducted to modify the ZnO rod-shaped arrays ( Figure 7C ) ( Lau et al, 2022 ). The 3D printed PEEK disks were covered with layers of TiO 2 on the surface of grown ZnO arrays using a chemical bath deposition technique to produce TiO 2 /ZnO/PEEK composites.…”

“…(C) Antibacterial activity of 3D-printing polyetheretherketone substrates with surface grown TiO 2 /ZnO rodlike arrays. Reproduced with permission ( Lau et al, 2022 ). Copyright 2022, The Authors.…”

“…To avoid the disintegration of ZnO rod-shaped arrays due to the acidic nature of attached antibiotics and to prevent cell cytotoxicity and repaid drug release caused by the release of metal ions, an additional procedure can be conducted to modify the ZnO rodshaped arrays (Figure 7C) (Lau et al, 2022). The 3D printed PEEK disks were covered with layers of TiO 2 on the surface of grown ZnO arrays using a chemical bath deposition technique to produce TiO 2 / ZnO/PEEK composites.…”