Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Ternate Blue Pea (Clitoria ternatea) Flower Extract against Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Research indicates that this particular species is often found in the biological flora of teeth, forming biofilm formations, particularly in dysbiotic flora associated with PD and peri-implantitis. 10 Moreover, various studies highlight the common isolation of SA from conditions such as angular cheilitis, jaw osteomyelitis, parotitis, endodontic infections, and mucositis. 11 These findings underscore the potential role of the oral disease-associated microbiota as a reservoir for diverse clinically significant pathogens, including multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus. 12 Eliminating biofilms poses a considerable challenge due to the protective polysaccharide matrix that enhances antimicrobial resistance, impeding the penetration of drugs. This difficulty is particularly pronounced in combating dental plaque biofilm, a persistent issue linked to potential tooth loss. 13,14 The formidable nature of biofilms necessitates antibiotic doses up to 1000 times higher than those effective against suspended bacteria. 15 In the United States, biofilms are a predominant cause of microbial infections, contributing to 80% of cases. Within the oral environment, biofilms serve as a conducive habitat for bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA), fostering their growth and providing a shield against external threats. Moreover, biofilms facilitate bacterial attachment and invasion of host tissues, resulting in various deleterious effects. Addressing infections stemming from biofilms emerges as a substantial challenge. 16,17 The resilience of oral biofilms, encapsulated within a polysaccharide matrix, further complicates their elimination. The exploration of novel drugs is imperative in this context. 18 This study specifically investigates the