The oil-water separation technologies of removing oil pollutants from water in an efficient and economical way is a challenge. The current methods used for oil-water separation suffer many shortcomings, including a low separation efficiency, complex separation equipment, high operation costs, and secondary pollution. In this study, we fabricated a highly flexible, high-intensity, quite stable superhydrophobic and superoleophilic polyimide (PI) nanofibrous membranes, which are much more efficient and cost efficient for oil-water separation by modifying the membranes with a polydopamine (PDA) solution and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dispersion. The fabricated membrane (PDA-PTFE-PI) possesses both the high tensile stress of PI and the superhydrophobic and superlipophilic properties of the PDA-PTFE coating. The modified membrane could separate various oil-water mixtures efficiently at a high flux (6000 LÁm −2 Áh −1 ) and an extremely high efficiency (>99%). Furthermore, even when the membrane was under an extremely hostile environment (with an ultrahigh temperature, strong acidity, or strong basicity), it still remained quickly stable with a good separation efficiency and recyclability after 10 cycles. We anticipate that our study will provide a new technology for the highly efficient mass production of oil-water mixture management.