Antibacterial and phytotoxicological properties assessment of Momordica charantia extract‐based ZnO nanoparticles

Abstract

BACKGROUNDUtilizing the fruit extract of bitter melon (Momordica charantia), zinc nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) were synthesized through a green approach, a novel endeavor in current literature. The primary objective was to evaluate the phytotoxic and growth‐promoting effects of these ZnO‐NPs on wheat, chosen as a test plant. Structural characterization using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO‐NPs and identified spherical M. charantia‐produced (MC)‐ZnO‐NPs ranging in size from 48 to 150 nm.RESULTSAt a concentration of 2000 mg L−1, both MC‐ and raw‐ZnO‐NPs augmented wheat germination percentages. Furthermore, raw‐ZnO‐NPs at 4000 mg L−1 demonstrated the highest chlorophyll content. Despite the plant's increased accumulation of MC‐ZnO‐NPs, no statistically significant toxic effects were observed. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO‐NPs was assessed against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative microorganisms. MC‐ZnO‐NPs exhibited a 67.9% inhibition zone against Escherichia coli at 0.04 mg L−1, while raw‐ZnO‐NPs exhibited 75.6% inhibition at the same concentration.CONCLUSIONThe study suggests that ZnO‐NPs synthesized from M. charantia exhibit both growth‐promoting effects on wheat without significant phytotoxicity and potent antibacterial properties, particularly against Escherichia coli. However, further investigations are warranted to comprehensively understand the interactions between ZnO‐NPs and plants. Future research should focus on M. charantia, exploring its enhanced effects on plant growth, development and antibacterial attributes. These findings hold promise for potential agricultural applications, emphasizing the need for detailed phytotoxicological assessments of ZnO‐NPs. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.