Antibacterial and Wound Healing Effects of Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticle and Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) Gel Modified with Cinnamon Essential Oil

Abstract

This dosage form is easy to use and spreads quickly on the skin. Appropriate and effective gel preparations are expected to reduce and prevent wound infection. Binahong leaf extract (BLE) and chitosan (Chit) are commonly used in wound healing applications. The wound-healing process in severe wounds can be hampered, giving rise to a biofilm layer of microbial colonies. Recent studies show that, due to its antibacterial properties, addition of silver nanoparticles (AgNp) could improve the antibacterial activity of gels. 5,6 Chitosan and nanosilver have emerged as promising materials in wound healing applications due to their synergistic antibacterial effects. In a study by Hajji et al., 7 chitosan-PVA-silver nanoparticles (CSAgNPs) were prepared using a green method, with chitosan and PVA acting as stabilizing agents. The resulting CSAgNPs exhibited high antioxidant activity and low cytotoxicity, promoting significant wound healing in terms of contraction ratio and histological examination. Bagheri et al., 8 developed chitosan/polyethylene oxide nanofibers incorporating antibacterial silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles, demonstrating high antioxidant and antibacterial activity against common wound pathogens. The nanofibers also showed biocompatibility, promoting fibroblast migration and proliferation. Cremar et al., 9 produced chitosan-based composite fine fibers with silver nanoparticles and cinnamaldehyde, showing enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and providing effective three-dimensional substrates for cell adhesion and viability. Dahm, 10 discussed the role of silver and silver nanoparticles in wound infections, emphasizing their effectiveness against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Paladini and Pollini, 11 emphasized the urgent need for novel anti-biofilm strategies in wound management and the potential of silver nanoparticles in controlling infections and enhancing wound healing. However, excessive and careless use of these ingredients in treatment can cause resistance. Therefore, a modified gel has been developed using cinnamon essential oil (CEO). 12

Evaluation of the Physicochemical, Antimicrobial and in vivo Wound Healing Properties of Castor Oil-Loaded Nanogels

“…The normal skin pH range is 4.0-6.8. 41,42 Therefore, the nanogels prepared with carbopol as the gel base have a pH that was within the normal skin pH range whereas those prepared with NaCMC gel base were slightly basic. However, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the pH of nanogel Formulations BF1-BF4 (prepared using NaCMC gel base) and Formulations BF5-BF8 (prepared using carbopol gel base).…”