Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of Yinzhihuang injection

Abstract

Abstract. The Yinzhihuang injection, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been the recent target of increasing interest due to its anti-inflammatory properties. The molecular basis by which Yinzhihuang injection could cure Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) serositis in ducks is unclear. This study evaluated the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Yinzhihuang injection, using disease models of RA-induced infectious serositis in ducks and heptane-induced inflammation in mice and rats. The duck mortality rate was reduced from 60% to 20% and both the inflammatory response and histological damage were ameliorated by treatment with Yinzhihuang injection (0.02 g/kg). Further studies indicated that superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were elevated while malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and RA growth were inhibited when the ducks were treated by Yinzhihuang injection. In addition, Yinzhihuang injection (0.04 g/ml) effectively inhibited xylene-induced auricle swelling in mice, (demonstrating an inhibition rate of 35.21%), egg albumen-induced paw metatarsus swelling in rats, (demonstrating an inhibition rate of 22.30%), and agar-induced formation of granulation tissue. These results suggest that Yinzhihuang injection ameliorates RA-induced infectious serositis in ducks by modulation of inflammatory mediators and antioxidation.

Promotion of Th1 and Th2 responses over Th17 in Riemerella anatipestifer stimulation in chicken splenocytes: Correlation of gga-miR-456-3p and gga-miR-16-5p with NOS2 and CCL5 expression

“…Further examination involved GO enrichment analysis of the targeted mRNAs, revealing their predominant involvement in inflammatory responses and other biological processes. These findings align with a study conducted by Liu et. al.…”

“…(2015), which demonstrated that R . anatipestifer infection promotes NOS2 activity [ 8 ]. Consequently, the upregulation of NOS2 expression triggers the upregulation of other genes, particularly those associated with Th1 and Th2 responses, while showing limited impact on Th17-related genes in the context of R .…”

“…In many inflammatory disorders, NOS2 and CCL5 are upregulated, promoting the synthesis of IL-6 and IL-8. NOS2 is upregulated in R. anatipestifer-infected ducks [8] and during bacterial infections such as Salmonella Typhimurium in chickens [9]. Another immune-related gene associated with chicken inflammatory disorders is CCL5, which is upregulated during infections of Clostridium perfringens and Eimeria [10].…”

Immunogenicity of live phoP gene deletion strain of Riemerella anatipestifer serotype 1

“…Once R. anatipestifer invades the host body, the bacterium multiplies rapidly and reaches various tissues and organs through the blood, causing systemic serositis. The main clinical anatomical manifestations of R. anatipestifer infection are fibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis, airsacculitis, and meningitis ( Liu et al, 2015 ; Fernandez et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2019a ; Yang et al, 2019 ). Duck infectious serositis was first reported in Long Island, New York in 1932 and subsequently spread throughout Australia, the United Kingdom, the former Soviet Union, and other countries ( Hendrickson and Hilbert, 1932 ).…”