Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Cytotoxic Activity of Excoecaria agallocha Leaf Extract

Abstract

Background Mangroves contain several bioactive compounds, some of which have been used for centuries as remedies for several ailments. Methods Foliar parts of Excoecaria agallocha were extracted in organic solvents and in water using a Soxhlet apparatus and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against nine type-culture pathogens, six clinical isolates, and two fungal pathogens with agar well diffusion assays. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by broth dilution and extracts further subjected to brine-shrimp cytotoxic assays using Artemia salina . Chemical constituents were analyzed with thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results and Discussion Ethyl acetate extract displayed the broadest antimicrobial activity. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be the most susceptible among the clinical and type-culture groups corresponding to inhibition zones: 17.3±1.1 and 23.5±1.3 mm in diameter, respectively. Anticandidal activity was found to be lower against Candida albicans and C. tropicalis (10.3±0.6 and 11.9±0.85 mm diameter). Also, this extract was found to be bactericidal for S. aureus and Micrococcus luteus (MBC:MIC ≤2). C cytotoxic activity LD 50 was 521 µg/mL. On GC-MS, squalene [(6 E , 10 E , 4 E , 18 E )-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene] was the major compound. Bioassay-guided (antibacterial) TLC revealed the presence of one major active fraction, F2, with an R f value of 1.21. FT-IR analysis of this fraction also implied that it was squalene, which might have a functional role in the mechanism of chemical defense.

Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Thrombolytic, and Antiarthritic Property of Different Parts of Bari Orchid

“…The diameter zone of inhibition varies from 10 mm to 14 mm. Based on the diameter of zones of inhibition, antimicrobial activity is categorized as inactive (<8 mm), less active (≥8 to <12 mm), moderately active (≥12 to <20 mm), and highly active (≥20 mm) [ 49 ]. The inhibition observed on the tested strains of bacteria shows that orchid extracts have a broad spectrum of activity of plant extracts against different strains of bacteria, which has been reported in other studies [ 50 , 51 ].…”

Synthesis rifaximin with copper (Rif-Cu) and copper oxide (Rif-CuO) nanoparticles Considerable dye decolorization: An application of aerobic oxidation of eco-friendly sustainable approach

“…The FTIR investigation was conducted using a KBr pellet approach with a 4000-400 cm −1 determined spectral range using a Tensor 27 (Nicolet iS5 FT-IR KBR Windows Spectrometer from Thermo Scientific). The nanoparticles were combined to produce pellets using 2 mg dry powder and 200 mg KBr [ 37 ].…”

Review: Potensi Antimikroba pada Tanaman Mangrove di Indonesia terhadap Staphylococcus sp. dan Shigella sp.

“…Aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak daun E. agallocha diuji terhadap sembilan jenis patogen bakteri kultur, enam isolat klinis, dan dua Candida spp. terdapat pada hasil penelitian Raghavan Pillai Sabu et al (2022). Dari semua Patogen yang disaring, bakteri kultur tipe adalah organisme yang paling rentan, sementara patogen bakteri dan jamur klinis terbukti resisten et al, 2021).…”