Antibacterial apple cider vinegar eradicates methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and resistant Escherichia coli

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and resistant Escherichia coli (rE.coli) infections can spread rapidly. Further they are associated with high morbidity and mortality from treatment failure. Therapy involves multiple rounds of ineffective antibiotics alongside unwanted side effects, alternative treatments are crucial. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a natural, vegan product that has been shown to have powerful antimicrobial activity hence we investigated whether ACV could ameliorate these resistant bacteria. The minimum dilution of ACV required for growth inhibition was comparable for both bacteria (1/25 dilution of ACV liquid and ACV tablets at 200 µg/ml were effective against rE. coli and MRSA). Monocyte co-culture with microbes alongside ACV resulted in an increase in monocyte phagocytosis by 21.2% and 33.5% compared to non-ACV treated but MRSA or rE. coli stimulated monocytes, respectively. Label free quantitative proteomic studies of microbial protein extracts demonstrated that ACV penetrated microbial cell membranes and organelles, altering the expression of key proteins. This resulted in significant reductions in total protein expression, moreover we could only detect ribosomal proteins; 50 s 30 s, enolase, phosphenol pyruvate and the ATP synthase subunit in rE. coli. Elongation factor iNOS and phosphoglycerate kinase OS were the only proteins present in MRSA samples following ACV treatment.

Fruits Vinegar: Quality Characteristics, Phytochemistry, and Functionality

“…Bacterial resistance poses major health threats around the world on inconceivable scales. Vinegar has been shown to have potent antibacterial activity against resistant bacteria [ 28 , 85 , 97 , 98 , 99 ]. Recently, Yagnik et al studied the effect of apple vinegar on the multiplication of two resistant bacterial strains (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli resistant to cefepime and cefepime-enmetazobactam combined).…”

“…Proteins absent after apple vinegar treatment for E. coli are 30 s ribosomal proteins, DNA-directed RNA polymerase alpha subunit, elongation factor TU and G OS- E. coli , formate C-acetyltransferase 1 OS E-coli , chaperone protein, 60 kDa chaperone OS E. coli . Concerning S. aureus , proteins not detected after treatment with apple vinegar are elongation factor TU and phosphoglycerate kinase [ 99 ]. Vinegar contains different organic acids that enter through bacterial membrane inciting internal pH decrease, protonation of macromolecules, and destabilization of the cell membrane by liberation of proton H + ( Figure 2 ) [ 100 , 101 , 102 ].…”

“…LPS modulates the host macrophage network to regulate numerous disorders such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, allergy, and cancer [ 115 ]. Additionally, it was proven that vinegar enhances phagocytic activity to ingest resistant microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which could reinforce the immune system to eradicate pathogen microbes and control the inflammation process [ 99 ]. Mimura et al [ 116 ] investigated whether sugar can vinegar exerts an induction effect of apoptosis in human leukemia cells including HL-60, THP-1, Molt-4, U-937, Jurkat, Raji, and K-562.…”

Rapid Monitoring of Vancomycin Concentration in Serum Using Europium (III) Chelate Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay

“…It has a strong pathogenicity and can cause skin and soft tissue infection, blood infection, and all organs infection ( Genardi et al, 2020 ). In recent years, it has spread around the world at an alarming rate ( Yagnik et al, 2021 ). MRSA has a broad spectrum of drug resistance to frequently-used β-lactam and cephalosporin antibiotics, as well as to aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and rifampicin with varying degrees, which makes its clinical management very challenging ( Dinarvand et al, 2020 ).…”

Survival and Adherence of Apical Stem Cells to Root Canal Dentin after Conditioning with Apple Vinegar

“…However, the highest acid concentrations of the vinegar are achieved by the acetic (5%) and malic (0.35%) acids. Being one of the acids in the Krebs cycle, Malic acid boost the immune system (21) .…”