Antibacterial Effect of Polymethyl Methacrylate Resin Base Containing TiO2 Nanoparticles

Abstract

Restorations in dentistry must reproduce the aspect of the patient’s natural teeth and require non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and good mechanical properties in order to last longer. Restorations are permanently in contact with microbes that can adhere to and form biofilms. The purpose of this study was to determine the adhesion extent of Streptococcus mutans to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin base containing TiO2 nanoparticles. To understand the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on the modified resin-based surfaces, the following surface properties were measured: the roughness, contact angle, zeta potential and CIE color parameters. Evaluation of tensile stress performance in TiO2 modified PMMA showed that the maximum tensile stress of the modified PMMA resin decreases with an increasing amount of TiO2 nanoparticles. The increasing amount of TiO2 decreases the roughness and causes contact angles in the border between hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. All the studied surfaces are negatively charged and added TiO2 tends to increase the zeta potential. The addition of TiO2 nanoparticles increases the lightness and decreases the intensity of the red and yellow color. The increasing addition of TiO2 nanoparticles into PMMA increases the morphological change of bacterial cells.

Antifungal Effect of Polymethyl Methacrylate Resin Base with Embedded Au Nanoparticles

“…Sawant et al noticed the same effect when they compared unmodified and Ag-modified polycaprolactam surfaces, where the nanoparticle-modified surface had a smoother surface evidenced by AFM. On the other hand, some authors noted that the addition of low amounts of nanoparticles increase the surface roughness of PMMA-based materials [ 13 ], up to a certain point, but upon further increase, the surface roughness decreases. It is known that surface roughness is a paramount factor regarding the success rate of denture materials and that highly polished materials are less susceptible to microbial adhesion [ 63 , 64 ].…”

“…The authors argued that the addition of NPs to the resin increased the amount of unreacted monomer which, in turn, led to worse mechanical properties. Furthermore, NP agglomerates can act as stress centers and can lead to the formation of cracks and pores in the material [ 13 ]. Elshereksi et al [ 65 ] also noticed an increase in the hardness of PMMA when modified with barium titanate nanoparticles.…”

“…In contrast to its advantages, PMMA suffers from limitations such as poor antimicrobial properties, high water absorption, low conductivity, and limited resistance to mechanical fatigue. These limitations are topics of numerous scientific studies [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. However, the most important drawback of denture base polymethyl methacrylate, viewed from the health aspect, is its susceptibility to the accumulation of microbial biofilms [ 15 ].…”

“…The rapid development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials has enabled the modification of conventional polymethyl methacrylate by adding different forms of nanostructural elements such as fibers, nanoparticles, and other forms of nanofillers [ 32 ]. Metallic nanoparticles [ 33 ], metal oxide nanoparticles [ 34 ], and carbon-based nanoparticles [ 35 ] represent the most often used nanoparticles for the modification of PMMA materials in order to obtain composites of optimal biological, optical, and mechanical properties [ 10 , 13 ]. Zore et al [ 13 ] have shown that TiO 2 fillers reduce the bacterial coverage of PMMA/TiO 2 composites, however, the tensile strength decreased with the increase of the TiO 2 fillers up to 20%.…”

“…Metallic nanoparticles [ 33 ], metal oxide nanoparticles [ 34 ], and carbon-based nanoparticles [ 35 ] represent the most often used nanoparticles for the modification of PMMA materials in order to obtain composites of optimal biological, optical, and mechanical properties [ 10 , 13 ]. Zore et al [ 13 ] have shown that TiO 2 fillers reduce the bacterial coverage of PMMA/TiO 2 composites, however, the tensile strength decreased with the increase of the TiO 2 fillers up to 20%. Silver nanoparticles have also been used as an effective filler and their antimicrobial properties are well described in the literature [ 36 , 37 ].…”