Antibacterial investigation of titanium-copper alloys using luminescent Staphylococcus epidermidis in a direct contact test

Fowler, Lee; Janson, Oscar; Engqvist, Håkan; Norgren, Susanne; Öhman‐Mägi, Caroline

doi:10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.050

Cited by 39 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Alternatively, since 3 wt.% Cu is lower than the 5 wt.% Cu, the precipitation of α might have occurred according to the reaction β+α→ α+Ti2Cu, which is in line with kinetics for active eutectoid transformations described in studies on Ti-Cu [18,19]. The Τi 2 Cu was not observed in the XRD pattern of the 3 wt.% Cu but this could be due to the volume fraction being below 2 wt.% of Τi 2 Cu, which is the detection limit for the X-ray diffraction technique [20]. The 5 wt.% Cu however showed the Τi 2 Cu in the diffractogram (Figure 2) and these were present as “globular” and irregular crystals in the microstructure.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Binary systems such as Ti-Cu show clear microstructural dependence on crystal relationships, chemical phases present, chemical-migration and -ordering [18]. Donthula et al [18] and Contieri et al [19] in particular have described the actively driven eutectoid transformation of β-Ti to α-Ti and Ti 2 Cu, which elucidates why β-Ti is not found in rapidly quenched alloys of this variety [20]. In contrast, studies on TNTZ without Cu present, show β-Ti and α-Ti microstructure with metastable β-phases present [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Copper Alloying in a TNTZ-Cux Alloy

et al. 2019

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Alloying copper into pure titanium has recently allowed the development of antibacterial alloys. The alloying of biocompatible elements (Nb, Ta and Zr) into pure titanium has also achieved higher strengths for a new alloy of Ti-1.6 wt.% Nb-10 wt.% Ta-1.7 wt.% Zr (TNTZ), where strength was closer to Ti-6Al-4V and higher than grade 4 titanium. In the present study, as a first step towards development of a novel antibacterial material with higher strength, the existing TNTZ was alloyed with copper to investigate the resultant microstructural changes and properties. The initial design and modelling of the alloy system was performed using the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) methods, to predict the phase transformations in the alloy. Following predictions, the alloys were produced using arc melting with appropriate heat treatments. The alloys were characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM-EDS) with transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). The manufactured alloys had a three-phased crystal structure that was found in the alloys with 3 wt.% Cu and higher, in line with the modelled alloy predictions. The phases included the α-Ti (HCP-Ti) with some Ta present in the crystal, Ti2Cu, and a bright phase with Ti, Cu and Ta in the crystal. The Ti2Cu crystals tended to precipitate in the grain boundaries of the α-Ti phase and bright phase. The hardness of the alloys increased with increased Cu addition, as did the presence of the Ti2Cu phase. Further studies to optimize the alloy could result in a suitable material for dental implants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Copper Alloying in a TNTZ-Cux Alloy

et al. 2019

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“…The previously studied titanium alloy of 10 wt. % Cu [24], was found to release 7 × 10 −8 g/mL of Cu ions in 24 h. Therefore, this material will likely release fewer Cu ions per day than 9 × 10 −7 g/mL, and avoid stimulating optimal growth in Staphylococcus epidermidis . This alloy has, however, been proven to have a much larger antibacterial effect with the same bacteria as well as with gram-negative bacteria [18,24] than the one measured with the corresponding Cu ion concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…% Cu [24], was found to release 7 × 10 −8 g/mL of Cu ions in 24 h. Therefore, this material will likely release fewer Cu ions per day than 9 × 10 −7 g/mL, and avoid stimulating optimal growth in Staphylococcus epidermidis . This alloy has, however, been proven to have a much larger antibacterial effect with the same bacteria as well as with gram-negative bacteria [18,24] than the one measured with the corresponding Cu ion concentration. The reported antibacterial effect is, therefore, believed to be due to a dual-mechanism of contact killing and ion release [12,19], so that the bacterial population may indeed be effectively reduced by a 10 wt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Copper Ion Concentration on Bacteria and Cells

2019

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In the oral cavity, dental implants—most often made of commercially pure titanium—come in contact with bacteria, and antibacterial management has been researched extensively to improve patient care. With antibiotic resistance becoming increasingly prevalent, this has resulted in copper being investigated as an antibacterial element in alloys. In this study, the objective was to investigate the copper ion concentrations at which cyto-toxicity is avoided while bacterial inhibition is ensured, by comparing Cu ion effects on selected eukaryotes and prokaryotes. To determine relevant copper ion concentrations, ion release rates from copper and a 10 wt. % Cu Ti-alloy were investigated. Survival studies were performed on MC3T3 cells and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, after exposure to Cu ions concentrations ranging from 9 × 10−3 to 9 × 10−12 g/mL. Cell survival increased from <10% to >90% after 24 h of exposure, by reducing Cu concentrations from 9 × 10−5 to 9 × 10−6 g/mL. Survival of bacteria also increased in the same range of Cu concentrations. The maximum bacteria growth was found at 9 × 10−7 g/mL, probably due to stress response. In conclusion, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of Cu ions for these prokaryotes and eukaryotes were found in the range from 9 × 10−5 to 9 × 10−6 g/mL. Interestingly, the Cu ion concentration correlating to the release rate of the 10 wt. % Cu alloy (9 × 10−8 g/mL) did not kill the bacteria, although this alloy has previously been found to be antibacterial. Further studies should investigate in depth the bacteria-killing mechanism of copper.

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Fabrication methodologies for antimicrobial polypropylene surfaces with leachable and nonleachable antimicrobial agents

Alkarri,

Sharma,

Bergholz

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Reported herein is the fabrication of antimicrobial polypropylene (PP) surfaces with nonleachable magnesium hydroxide biocides and compares its performance with leachable copper (II) chloride dihydrate. Two methods were used for creating PP‐bearing biocides. One way involves melt‐blending of biocides and PP and subsequent injection molding to create the desired antimicrobial PP surface. Another technique consists of thermal embossing of antimicrobial agents on the PP surface. The biocide‐bearing PP surfaces were evaluated against Escherichia coli (E. coli) K‐12 MG1655) for up to 24 h. In the case of injection‐molded PP system, leachable CuCl2·2H2O showed a 5.87 ± 0.01 log reduction after 24 h, but only 0.47 ± 0.03 log reduction for PP bearing nonleachable Mg(OH)2. On the contrary, thermally embossed PP with CuCl2·2H2O and Mg(OH)2 showed 2.28 ± 0.03 and 3.78 ± 0.03 log reductions, respectively, after 24 h. The nonleachable Mg(OH)2 imparted antimicrobial properties only to the PP surface prepared via thermal embossing. In contrast, owning to the leachable copper ions, leachable CuCl2·2H2O biocides imparted PP surfaces antimicrobial irrespective of the molding or surface embossing approach. This approach provides an advantage for nonleachable PP‐based antimicrobial surfaces in overcoming the toxicity concern associated with plastics bearing leachable biocides.

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Antibacterial investigation of titanium-copper alloys using luminescent Staphylococcus epidermidis in a direct contact test

Cited by 39 publications

References 24 publications

Investigation of Copper Alloying in a TNTZ-Cux Alloy

Investigation of Copper Alloying in a TNTZ-Cux Alloy

Effect of Copper Ion Concentration on Bacteria and Cells

Fabrication methodologies for antimicrobial polypropylene surfaces with leachable and nonleachable antimicrobial agents

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