Antibacterial Properties of a Novel Zirconium Phosphate-Glycinediphosphonate Loaded with Either Zinc or Silver

Abstract

A novel compound consisting of a zirconium phosphate-glycinediphosphonate (ZPGly) has recently been introduced. This 2D-structured material forming nanosheets was exfoliated under appropriate conditions, producing colloidal aqueous dispersions (ZPGly-e) which were then loaded with zinc (Zn/ZPGly) or silver ions. Silver ions were subsequently reduced to produce metallic silver nanoparticles on exfoliated ZPGly nanosheets (Ag@ZPGly). In the search for new anti-infective materials, the present study investigated the properties of colloidal dispersions of ZPGly-e, Zn/ZPGly, and Ag@ZPGly. Ag@ZPGly was found to be a bactericidal material and was assayed to define its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) on the five most prevalent pathogens of orthopaedic implant infections, namely: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, Escherichia coli ATCC51739, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853. MIC and MBC were in the range of 125–250 μg/mL and 125–1000 μg/mL, respectively, with E. coli being the most sensitive species. Even colloidal suspensions of exfoliated ZPGly nanosheets and Zn/ZPGly exhibited some intrinsic antibacterial properties, but only at greater concentrations. Unexpectedly, Zn/ZPGly was less active than ZPGly-e.

Photocatalytic and bactericidal properties and molecular docking analysis of TiO2nanoparticles conjugated with Zr for environmental remediation

“…104,105 Even though band gap of Zr is around 5.0 eV, due to its strong similarity in its isovalent state with Ti 4+ such that electronegativity of Zr 4+ (1.40) is comparable with that of Ti 4+ (1.54), absorption edge shis to visible region with a presumable reduction in band gap (see Table 1) caused by either defects produced by trace concentration of Zr 4+ in TiO 2 lattice or by reduced crystal domains. 58,92,94,106 An obvious change in optical absorbance of nanomaterials as a function of crystallite size may occur due to quantum connement effects. 91 This variation in optical properties (redshi in wavelength) is considered a primary prerequisite for the enhancement of photocatalytic behavior of nanoparticles.…”

“…55,56 Certainly, in some studies, these materials have also shown high effectiveness at reducing the feasibility of adherent bacterial species such as E. coli, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas and therefore have been extensively used in biomedical applications. [57][58][59][60] In the current research work, we aimed to synthesize TiO 2 nanoparticles doped with various concentrations (2,4,6, and 8 wt%) of Zr through sol-gel method. The synthesized products were employed as photocatalysts to treat industrial wastewater and remove synthetic dye (Methylene blue).…”

Preparation of Zirconium Phosphate Nanomaterials and Their Applications as Inorganic Supports for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

“…ZrP has been successfully exfoliated and its nanosheets used for different applications [ 6 , 21 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. The most widely used strategy for ZrP exfoliation consists of the intercalation of small amine cations that can easily displace the protons from the phosphate groups in an acid-base reaction and enter the interlayer space [ 51 ].…”

How Adding Chlorhexidine or Metallic Nanoparticles Affects the Antimicrobial Performance of Calcium Hydroxide Paste as an Intracanal Medication: An In Vitro Study

“…Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have also proven to be effective in controlling oral infections when coated on or incorporated into various materials [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. They have been proposed as promising alternatives to traditional antimicrobial agents [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) MNPs have received the most attention for their antimicrobial properties [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 30 ].…”