Antibacterial Property of Oxygen‐Terminated Carbon Bonds

Abstract

Inspired by the antibacterial agents, such as ethylene oxide, anacardic acid, and salicylic acid, oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds may take the major responsibility in antibacterial properties, a layer of oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds is fabricated on nanodiamond as an immobilized coating for the investigation of the antibacterial activity. The results demonstrate comparable antibacterial activities on oxygen‐terminated nanodiamond coating (NDC) against two kinds of probe bacteria, Gram‐negative Escherichia coli and Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus, and the annealing method as a proper method for the improvement of the antibacterial performance of the NDC. The concentration of oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds, especially CO and CO, and the ratio of CO to CO, are found to determine the antibacterial performance of NDCs. The antibacterial behavior performed through the surface interaction is revealed and the abnormal expression of cell wall‐related proteins are identified, where a potential antibacterial mechanism is proposed: the oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds damaged the cell wall through the blockage and the electrostatic repulsive force, which aggravated the abnormal metabolism of bacteria and lead to its death. The antibacterial property of oxygen‐terminated carbon bonds is confirmed and its application, NDC, provides a new idea for antibacterial research and opens the door to antibacterial coatings for medical devices.

Engineering Nanoclay Edges to Enhance Antimicrobial Property against Gram‐Negative Bacteria: Understanding the Membrane Destruction Mechanism by Contact‐Kill

“…The membrane tension after adsorption process might have caused the mechanical deformation, cell rupture, and death of bacteria. [35,49] This phenomenon is similar to the contact-kill mechanism of the "phospholipid sponge effect", in which the antimicrobial action occurs by the selective adhesion of negatively charged phospholipids of bacterial cell membrane onto the positive surface of nanoclay. [21,50] Although the MD simulations based on the classical force field could mimic the molecular interactions between E-Kaol 30 and LPS, the accurate description of the binding energy and structures is still a challenge.…”

“…The membrane tension after adsorption process might have caused the mechanical deformation, cell rupture, and death of bacteria. [ 35,49 ] This phenomenon is similar to the contact‐kill mechanism of the “phospholipid sponge effect”, in which the antimicrobial action occurs by the selective adhesion of negatively charged phospholipids of bacterial cell membrane onto the positive surface of nanoclay. [ 21,50 ]…”

“…As shown by TEM spectra, the outer membrane (OM) of E. coli was significantly damaged after treatment with E‐Kaol 30 (Figure 1b), which was also reported in some other 2D nanomaterials. [ 6,19,23–28,35 ] Significantly, the antibacterial efficiency of E‐Kaol could be enhanced by the increased etching time (Figure 1c), and the antibacterial effect of E‐Kaol 30 reached ≈80%. The destruction of E. coli cells by E‐Kaol was expected due to the distinct properties of the edge surfaces of kaolinite after plasma etching (Figure 1d).…”

In Situ Growth of a Stable Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) on Flexible Fabric via a Layer-by-Layer Strategy for Versatile Applications

“…The synergistic effect of Cu 2+ of CuBTC and natural antibacterial agent cinnamaldehyde (CA) endows the MCF/CA fabric with all-around excellent antibacterial performances. It is well known that the bacteria exchange the needed materials through the permeable cell walls with numerous nanopores, which allow small molecules to pass through . Similarly, the released antibacterial agent CA can properly enter the bacteria through these nanopores as channels.…”

“…It is well known that the bacteria exchange the needed materials through the permeable cell walls with numerous nanopores, which allow small molecules to pass through. 46 Similarly, the released antibacterial agent CA can properly enter the bacteria through these nanopores as channels. At the same time, the Cu 2+ will bond on the surface of bacteria and interfere with the normal metabolism of bacteria, which expands the nanopores and damages the cell walls.…”