Antibacterial Surfaces on Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene; Penicillin Attachment

Abstract

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) was chemically modified to retard the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This was accomplished by microwave plasma reactions in the presence of maleic anhydride (MA) to create acid functional groups on ePTFE surfaces, followed by esterification reactions with 200 and 600 molecular weight linear polyethylene glycol (PEG). Such surfaces were utilized for further reactions with penicillin (PEN) through etherification reactions to create anti-microbial surfaces. These reactions resulted in surface morphological changes, and spectroscopic analysis using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) revealed the formation of ester linkages resulting from reactions between PEN and PEG functionalities. Antibacterial activities were evaluated by a series of experiments where PEN-modified ePTFE specimens were immersed in a liquid aureus culture, and the bacteria growth was quantified by measuring % absorbance of the suspension at 600 nm wavelength. The lowest absorbance was observed for the solution containing PEN-PEG-MA-ePTFE specimens, thus showing highly effective anti-bacterial activity toward gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that shows PEN-ePTFE surface modifications that are effective against gram-positive aureus bacteria.

Covalent immobilization of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) onto biomaterial surfaces

“…However, many of these compounds are associated with anaphylaxis, cytotoxicity or low efficiency [5,13]. These limiting aspects prompt the use of true antibiotics such as vancomycin, tobramycin, cefalozin, teicoplanin, carbenicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin and gentamicin [3,[34][35][36][37], through two different strategies: substance-releasing coating and substance covalent immobilization. The release strategy offers the potential for extended activity, but has to date failed to achieve delivery of a sustained and effective dosage over a relatively prolonged period of time.…”

“…For example, vancomycin has been successfully attached to titanium and proven to be bactericidal to Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis [5,7]. In addition, Aumsuwan et al [34,37] reported the covalent attachment of penicillin and ampicillin to expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). When these drugs were immobilized through a PEG-spacer, the surfaces displayed high antimicrobial efficiency among their spectrum of activity, indicating that antibiotic mobility is essential to activity.…”

Non-leaching antimicrobial surfaces through polydopamine bio-inspired coating of quaternary ammonium salts or an ultrashort antimicrobial lipopeptide

“…[13][14][15][16] It is apparent, however, that the surfaces of the materials should be chemically modified before their reaction with the biocides. 13,15 Many biomaterials, such as plastics, metals, and ceramics, have inert surfaces that required harsh chemical conditions or multiple chemical steps for their preactivation, which may limit scale-up processing. Additionally, the chemical transformations frequently require organic solvents that are not always compatible with the biomaterials.…”

Ag and Ag/N2 plasma modification of polyethylene for the enhancement of antibacterial properties and cell growth/proliferation

“…However, it is difficult to find polymers that meet all the requirements, such as antibacterial ability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, hydrophilicity, roughness and mechanical properties [1]. Polyethylene (PE), one of the most common biomedical polymers possessing excellent mechanical properties, suffers from insufficient biocompatibility and bioactivity [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Moreover, the materials can be easily attacked by bacteria in vivo.…”