Antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk sold in Kathmandu district

Rai, Shyamala; Karki, Barsha; Humagain, Sujita; Rimal, Sandesh; Adhikari, Sandhya; Adhikari, Shilpa; Thapa, Suchitra

doi:10.3126/njb.v8i3.30080

Cited by 5 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The percentage of MDR isolates of E. coli observed in our finding was much higher than that detected in previous studies of Mekelle, Ethiopia (28.24%), 2 Indonesia (9.1%) 38 and Nepal (28%). 39 According to our results, the observed patterns reflect the use of these antimicrobials in the study area, and it shows that E. coli has been exposed to these drugs. Another possible reason for the observed pattern is the availability and price of these drugs.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in Raw Cow Milk At Selling Points and Determinants of Contamination in and Around Chencha, Southern Ethiopia

Torka

2024

VMRR

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Introduction Bacterial foodborne infections are a major public health concern globally, and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in food worsens the associated problems which are alarming issues. The current study aimed to isolate E. coli , determine antimicrobial resistance patterns, estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli , and determinants of raw cow milk contamination at selling points in and around Chencha, Southern Ethiopia from January 2021 to April, 2022. Methods A total of 384 milk samples were collected randomly using a cross-sectional study and processed in the laboratory for evaluation of microbial load, bacterial isolation, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. The determinants were assessed through a prepared questionnaire, and descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 21. Results Out of 384 milk samples analyzed for microbial loads, 5.3±1.68 log and 2.17±1.51 log CFU/mL respectively were the mean values of total viable count and total coliform count. A total of 118 (30.7%) samples were contaminated with E. coli of about 11.8% extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. Notably, 91 (77.1%) of isolates were multiple drug-resistant isolates. The multivariable logistic regression showed that variables of educational status of milk handlers, hand washing activities, nose picking habit of milk handlers, milk container cleaning activity, milk container type, physical abnormal milk checking status, and attended training on hygienic food handling practices type were significantly associated with the milk contamination in the study area. Conclusion The results implied that the raw milk samples served in the study area contained bacterial pathogens and a higher microbial load than recommended standards. Our data also confirmed the presence of multiple drug resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli . Therefore, a close follow-up and training of milk handlers is needed. Besides, consumers should be made aware of the risks of consuming raw milk.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in Raw Cow Milk At Selling Points and Determinants of Contamination in and Around Chencha, Southern Ethiopia

Torka

2024

VMRR

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“…If the contamination in paneer is from milk samples then the high percent of MDR may be due to high and unchecked usage of antibiotics in cattle for breeding and treatment like the use of beta-lactam antibiotics to treat mastitis in cattle. Evidently, higher proportion of MDR in milk has been reported by Rai et al (2020) in Kathmandu. Further, if the contamination is due to the environment or contact surface, then it may be due to a gene transfer or mutation in the bacteria.…”

Section: Antibiotic Susceptibility Patternmentioning

confidence: 94%

Antibiotic Resistant Profile of Coliform and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Paneer Sample of Kathmandu Valley

Pradhan,

Khanal,

Shrestha

et al. 2023

Amrit J.

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Microbial contamination with antibiotic- resistant bacteria are major threats to public health in Nepal. This study aims to detect microbial quality of paneer and determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of coliforms and S. aureus isolated from Paneer. For this, 30 paneer samples were randomly collected from dairy shops in Kathmandu and respective bacterial count were determined by using pour plate technique. All isolated organisms were identified by biochemical tests using appropriate selective media. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) was carried out by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. In this study, Total Bacterial Count (TBC) of 18 (60.1%) samples, Total Coliform Count (TCC) of 5 (16.6%) samples and Total Staphylococcal Count (TSC) of 6 (50%) samples were within the limit of FSSAI guideline (2012). A total of forty-six bacteria were isolated in this study, of which 34 (73.9%) were identified as coliforms and 12 (26.1%) were identified as S. aureus. The coliform bacteria showed higher resistance towards Azithromycin (100%) followed by Cefoxitin, Ampicillin, Amikacin, Levofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Gentamicin in descending order. While in case of S. aureus, higher resistance was shown against Penicillin. G (41.7%) and Nalidixic acid (41.7%) followed by Cefoxitin, Ampicillin, Azithromycin, Chloramphenicol and Levofloxacin. 4 (33.4%) MRSA were identified based on their full resistance towards Cefoxitin. Also, 24 multiple-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria were detected and higher MDR was observed among coliforms 21 (87.5%). To summarize, the maximum number of samples exceeding microbial quality specification and presence of multiple antibiotic resistance among isolated bacteria signifies poor quality of the paneer available in the market and can be considered a possible threat to consumers. Therefore, it is utmost necessary to monitor and control the quality of paneer sold in Kathmandu.

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“…According to the WHO, at least 700,000 people die each year due to drug-resistant diseases, which could escalate to 10 million deaths per year by 2050 [7]. Such an escalation of AMR is a serious concern, specifically the resistance towards the available drugs [3][4][5]8], which may limit the treatment options. Several studies around the world have reported the presence of AMR coliforms such as E. coli in milk samples [1,4,5,[8][9][10], and the results of those studies have clearly shown the rising trend of AMR among milk pathogens [4-5, 8, 10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such an escalation of AMR is a serious concern, specifically the resistance towards the available drugs [3][4][5]8], which may limit the treatment options. Several studies around the world have reported the presence of AMR coliforms such as E. coli in milk samples [1,4,5,[8][9][10], and the results of those studies have clearly shown the rising trend of AMR among milk pathogens [4-5, 8, 10]. In particular, the most common antibiotic resistance conferred by these coliforms is toward the βlactam class of antibiotic [4][5]8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of antibiotic resistant profile of coliform and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from milk from Kathmandu valley

Bohora,

Chaulagai,

Thapa

2023

NJB

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among milk pathogens is increasing, which is a serious threat to consumers’ health. Therefore, this study aims to assess the current antibiotic profile of coliforms and Staphylococcus spp. in milk samples. For this, thirty milk samples were collected from various locations in Kathmandu district. Isolation and enumeration were done on selective media using streak-plate and pour-plate techniques, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was done by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total of 48 bacteria were isolated, of which 31 were coliform and 17 Staphylococcus spp. Among the coliforms, Klebsiella spp. (n=17, 54.84%) was the most predominant in both raw (n=12, 70.6%) and pasteurized milk (n=5, 29.4%), followed by E. coli and Citrobacter spp. While for Staphylococcus spp., 15 (88.24%) were S. aureus and 2 (11.76%) were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS). S. aureus was dominant in raw milk (n=13) rather than pasteurized milk (n=2). The AST of coliforms showed higher resistance towards ampicillin (96.75%), followed by cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin, co-trimoxazole, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, and amikacin in descending order. In the case of S. aureus, higher resistance was observed for penicillin G (100.00%), followed by cefoxitin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin. Further, 12 (70.53%) S. aureus were confirmed as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). And a total of 10 (32.25%) coliforms and 9 (52.95%) S. aureus were identified as multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains. Thus, it can be concluded that antibiotic resistance among milk isolates of the coliform and Staphylococcus spp. is highly prevalent, and these can be a potential source of incurable milk-borne infections. Thus, routine assessment of microbial quality as well as AMR surveillance should be done on milk isolates to ensure the safety of consumer’s health.

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Antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk sold in Kathmandu district

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in Raw Cow Milk At Selling Points and Determinants of Contamination in and Around Chencha, Southern Ethiopia

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in Raw Cow Milk At Selling Points and Determinants of Contamination in and Around Chencha, Southern Ethiopia

Antibiotic Resistant Profile of Coliform and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Paneer Sample of Kathmandu Valley

Assessment of antibiotic resistant profile of coliform and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from milk from Kathmandu valley

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