The purpose of this study was to compare the occurrence of Emmonsia parva var. crescens in populated and unpopulated habitats of a rural area (in a village with 615 inhabitants and in surrounding forests without human population) as indicated by findings of adiaspores in lungs of small rodents captured in these habitats. Adiaspores of E. parva var. crescens were found in lungs of 13 (9.6 %) out of 135 examined rodents. Four rodent species out of 7 were infected: the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus, 15.6 %), the house mouse (Mus musculus, 5.6 %), the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus, 3.2 %) and the yellow-necked field mouse (A. flavicollis, 16.7 %). The highest prevalence was found in the A. flavicollis and in the C. glareolus in the village and in the forests, respectively. Intensity of the infection was low or moderate (below 100 adiaspores per animal). The highest prevalence of the infection was found in spring. The prevalence was not influenced by sex of the animals. Occurrence of both saprophytic stage of E. parva var. crescens and rodents can be enabled by plant cover of uncultivated soil in the village, where the same plant species as in the surrounding forests occur. Therefore the risk of infection for humans and animals is not limited only to forest (unpopulated) habitats.
Sapronoses, emmonsiosis, Arvicolidae, Muridae, Czech RepublicEmmonsiosis (adiaspiromycosis) is a world-wide distributed, largely neglected and underdiagnosed pulmonary disease of mammals, including humans (H u b álek et al. 1998). Only one causative agent of emmonsiosis, the fungus Emmonsia parva var. crescens (Emmons et Jellison 1960, occurs in the Czech Republic (Dvofiák et al. 1973). The infection is widespread especially among rodents of the families Arvicolidae and Muridae (H u b álek et al. 1991) and more rarely in the families Sciuridae (Kfiivanec et al. 1976) and Cricetidae (H u b álek 1999). The source of infection is the saprophytic stage of fungus producing minute conidia. After inhalation of the conidia by mammalian host, large thick-walled spherules called adiaspores develop in host tissues, most often in lungs. Expanding adiaspore, a parasitic stage of the fungus, causes inflammatory reaction in lung tissue (Koìousek et al. 1971;Halouzka et al. 1989;Ooi and Lin 1996), which leads to collapse of the adjacent alveoli resulting, in case of massive infection, to respiratory distress or even lung failure (H u bálek 1999). Macroscopic pathomorphological changes are densely disseminated whitish nodules about 1 to 2 mm in diameter, described by Koìousek et al. (1971) in a case human emmonsiosis. After death of the infected host, the saprophytic stage can grow from the adiaspores released from dead host's body (Kfiivanec and Otãená‰ek 1977). Although the main source of conidia is the soil (Dvofiák et al. 1973; Prokopiã and ·tûrba 1978), conditions of natural infection were not studied sufficiently. Because of danger for humans (Koìousek et al. 1971; England and Hochholzer 1993;Nuorva et al. 1997;de Montpréville et al. 1999) a...