Antibiotic Consumption Patterns in European Countries Are Associated with the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease; the Possible Augmenting Role of the Narrow-Spectrum Penicillin

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting at least 0.3% of the worldwide population and over 3% of those over 80 years old. According to recent research (2018), in 2016, 6.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 5.0–7.3) individuals had Parkinson’s disease globally, compared with 2.5 million (2.0–3.0) in 1990. The pandemic-like spreading of PD is considered a slow-moving disaster. Most recent studies indicated the possible role of an altered microbiome, dysbiosis, in the development of PD, which occurs long before the clinical diagnosis of PD. Antibiotics are considered as major disruptors of the intestinal flora and we have hypothesized that, as different classes of antibiotics might induce different dysbiosis, certain classes of antibiotics could trigger the PD-related dysbiosis as well. Comparative analyses were performed between the average yearly antibiotic consumption of 30 European countries (1997–2016) and the PD prevalence database (estimated for 2016). We divided the time frame of antibiotic consumption of 1997–2016 into four subsections to estimate the possible time lapse between antibiotic exposure and the prevalence, prevalence change, and PD-related death rates estimated for 2016. Our results indicated that countries with high consumption of narrow-spectrum penicillin experienced a higher increase in PD prevalence than the others. Countries reporting a decline in PD from 1990 to 2016 demonstrated a reduction in the consumption of narrow-spectrum penicillin in this period.

Beneficial changes in the gut microbiome of patients with multiple sclerosis after consumption of Neu-REFIX B-glucan in a clinical trial

“…This question may have been partially answered in this study because Neu-REFIX beta-glucan has shown beneficial effects of restoring the gut microbiome and also the improvement in clinical parameters could be attributed as an effect. Going by the earlier reports of gut dysbiosis caused by specific drugs in neurological illness [17,18], in line with those evidences, whether similar drugs are part of MS regimen have to be looked into or diseases that have direct correlation to gut dysbiosis when subjected to a clinical study, the appropriate drug or molecule should be studied for implications on gut microbiome as well.…”

Down-Syndrome-Related Maternal Dysbiosis Might Be Triggered by Certain Classes of Antibiotics: A New Insight into the Possible Pathomechanisms

“…The analysis of the collateral effect of antibiotics on the gut microbiome indicated that tetracycline/doxycycline reduced the abundance of several commercial components of the microbiome isolates, most effectively, E. coli , even at low concentrations [ 50 ]. Interestingly enough, the use of narrow-spectrum penicillin and tetracycline might also be associated with the prevalence/incidence of certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD and MS [ 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Maternal microbial dysbiosis has been implicated in adverse postnatal health conditions in offspring, such as obesity, cancer, and neurological disorders, but in the case of DS, most of the available literature is focused on maternal risk factors, and the only certain risk factors for the birth of a child with DS are advanced maternal age at conception and recombination errors, even though the molecular mechanisms leading to chromosome 21 nondisjunction are still a matter of debate.…”

Down-Syndrome Development might be Associated with Dysbiosis, Triggered by Certain Classes of Antibiotics: Altered Maternal Microbiome as a New Insight into the Genomic Events

“…The analysis of the collateral effect of antibiotics on the gut microbiome indicated that tetracycline/doxycycline reduced the abundance of several commercial components of the microbiome isolates, most effectively E. coli, even at low concentrations [50]. Interestingly enough that the use of narrow-spectrum penicillin and tetracycline might be associated with the prevalence/incidence of certain neurodegenerative diseases also, like PD and MS [51][52][53]. Maternal microbial dysbiosis has been implicated in adverse postnatal health conditions in offspring, such as obesity, cancer, and neurological disorders, but in the case of DS, most of the publications are focused on maternal risk factors, and the only certain risk factors for the birth of a child with DS are advanced maternal age at conception and recombination errors, even though the molecular mechanisms leading to chromosome 21 nondisjunction are still uncertain.…”