Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section

Smaill, Fiona; Gyte, Gillian ML

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007482

Cited by 151 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The normal delivery canal exposes the child to a composite microbiome different from the one encountered during a cesarean delivery in an operation theater resulting in differences in microbiome of the newborn. 30,31 Furthermore, it has become standard procedure to give prophylactic antibiotics to all women delivering by cesarean delivery to reduce postpartum infections in the mother, 32 which is also likely to affect the microbiome of the newborn child. There are several indications that the diversity and composition of the human microbiome is associated with a variety of diseases such as asthma, 33 allergy, 34 inflammatory bowel diseases, 35 and type 1 diabetes 36 and type 2.…”

Section: Interpretation Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cesarean Section and Chronic Immune Disorders

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVES: Immune diseases such as asthma, allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes have shown a parallel increase in prevalence during recent decades in westernized countries. The rate of cesarean delivery has also increased in this period and has been associated with the development of some of these diseases.METHODS: Mature children born by cesarean delivery were analyzed for risk of hospital contact for chronic immune diseases recorded in the Danish national registries in the 35-year period 1977-2012. Two million term children participated in the primary analysis. We studied childhood diseases with a suspected relation to a deviant immune-maturation and a debut at young age. The effect of cesarean delivery on childhood disease incidences were estimated by means of confounderadjusted incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals obtained in Poisson regression analyses.

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Section: Interpretation Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cesarean Section and Chronic Immune Disorders

et al. 2015

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“…15 Although bacteria are rapidly eliminated by serumderived or cellular host defense mechanisms in the healthy host, this can explain the occasional detection of viable bacteria at low-abundance in blood and tissue samples including the heavily perfused placental tissue. It can also explain the detection of bacterial DNA at sterile body sites.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Available Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Does a prenatal bacterial microbiota exist?

Hornef

Penders

2017

Mucosal Immunology

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“…But the significant increase in CDs and need to better distinguish among levels of medical necessity are leading to audit-type processes to improve risk-benefit vetting of the procedure [11][12][13]. Prophylactic antibiotics are often administered around the time of the operation and, while the risk of infections for the mother appears to be lowered by antibiotic administration, the range of implications for the child remains uncertain [14].…”

Section: Vaginal Vs Caesarean Delivery: Changing Trends and Potentiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Childbirth and Breastfeeding as Preventive Measures of Immune- Microbiome Dysbiosis and Misregulated Inflammation

Dietert¹

2013

J Anc Dis Prev Rem

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Much of the prior century was spent applying the latest emerging technologies toward managing pregnancy, childbirth, and infant development. The idea was that each change was significantly improving the health of our children across their lifetime. But it is now clear that with several of the adopted practices, there have been unintended consequences. We have run the risk of losing certain distinct advantages that were inherently embedded in ancient cultures and practices. Among these were the microbial-rich experiences of natural childbirth, breastfeeding, and agrarian living. These practices permitted children to acquire a complete microbiome thereby facilitating immune development and appropriate later-life immune responses. Perceived technology-associated benefits such as scheduled Caesarian births, urban sanitized living, and earlier and ever increasing vaccine burdens have helped to reduce the burden of some childhood illnesses. But recent studies suggest that they have also produced serious, unanticipated consequences for today's children: an increased likelihood for human-microbiome incompleteness, lifelong immune dysfunction, and inflammation-promoted chronic disease. This review will examine recent evidence suggesting that a more effective blending of ancient practices and remedies with modern technology and medical knowledge could help to restore the human-microbiome super organism to its historic status, improve pediatric immune homeostasis and reduce risk of later-life chronic diseases.historic birth and infant feeding practices. As discussed by Wolf [4], there is an irony that early in the 20 th century public health officials were advocating increased breastfeeding by mothers and early in the 21 st century the same exact message has been repeated albeit with a different mix of reasons [4]. In the case of the 20 th century call for increased breastfeeding, the primary health concerns were for acute illnesses such as diarrheal diseases, pneumonia, and necrotizing colitis [4]. But for the more recent call, the preventative focus is larger and includes the prevention of noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) [5]. This review considers: 1) shifting historic views regarding the value of natural childbirth and breastfeeding as preventive measures, and 2) an emerging paradigm in which natural childbirth (NC) and prolonged infant breastfeeding combine to reduce the risk of inflammation-driven chronic diseases via immune-microbiome co-maturation as well as other possible developmentally-programmed routes. Additionally, NC and breastfeeding are discussed under the broader human ecological framework of a developmental model in which effective humanmicrobe super organism formation between the child's mammalian component and symbiotic microbes that form the child's microbiome, termed the "Completed Self " [6]. Timely, complete and individualized formation of this symbiotic human mammalian-microbial organism or "Completed Self " has been suggested as perhaps the single most important biological sign con...

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Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section

Cited by 151 publications

References 43 publications

Cesarean Section and Chronic Immune Disorders

Cesarean Section and Chronic Immune Disorders

Does a prenatal bacterial microbiota exist?

Natural Childbirth and Breastfeeding as Preventive Measures of Immune- Microbiome Dysbiosis and Misregulated Inflammation

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