Antibiotic Residues and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Pig Slurry Used to Fertilize Agricultural Fields

Abstract

Pig manure may contain antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria or pathogens, which may reach the environment upon fertilization. During this study, 69 antibiotic residues belonging to 12 classes were quantified in 89 pig slurry samples. These samples were also studied for the presence of Salmonella and for E. coli resistant to meropenem, colistin, ciprofloxacin, or cefotaxim. The obtained isolates were further tested for antibacterial susceptibility. No antibiotic residues were detected in four samples, whereas in the other samples, up to 12 antibiotics were found. The most frequently detected antibiotic residues were doxycycline, sulfadiazine, and lincomycin. Doxycycline was found in the highest concentration with a mean of 1476 µg/kg manure (range: 18–13632 µg/kg). Tylosin and oxytetracycline were found with mean concentrations of 784 µg/kg (range: 17–5599 µg/kg) and 482 µg/kg (range: 11–3865 µg/kg), respectively. Lincomycin, had a mean concentration of 177 µg/kg manure (range: 9–3154 µg/kg). All other 18 antibiotic residues were found with mean concentrations of less than 100 µg/kg manure. Fifty-one slurry samples harbored Salmonella; 35% of the Salmonella isolates were sensitive to a panel of 14 antibiotics, whereas the other 65% were resistant up to five antibiotics. For E. coli, 52 manure samples contained E. coli isolates which were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 22 resistant to cefotaxime. All ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime-resistant isolates were multi-resistant, with resistance up to nine and eight antibiotics, respectively. This research indicates that pig slurry used for fertilization often contains antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including pathogens.

Composition of mineral concentrates : Results of monitoring installations of the Pilot Mineral Concentrate in 2019-2020

“…More recently, these concentration levels of E.coli and enterococci spp. in (Belgian) pig slurry were confirmed byRasschaert et al (2020).…”

Presence of Antibiotic Residues and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Cattle Manure Intended for Fertilization of Agricultural Fields: A One Health Perspective

“…Furthermore, composting of bovine manure causes Salmonella reductions of 3–4 logs to undetectable levels [ 25 ]. However, it is striking that in pig manure 57% of the manure samples contained Salmonella [ 26 ]. This means that cattle manure could be a “safer” fertilizer in terms of Salmonella presence.…”

“…The isolates were further analyzed and interpreted using a Sensititre TM microbroth dilution analysis with EUVSEC plates (TREK Diagnostic Systems, West Sussex, UK) as reported by Rasschaert et al [ 26 ]. The MICs of the following panel of antibiotic agents were determined to set up an antimicrobial resistance profile: ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, meropenem, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, colistin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, azithromycin and tigecycline.…”

“…In case a signal was obtained, a confirmation step was done by re-injecting the sample where minimum 2 transitions were followed. The precursor ion, product ion and retention time of all 69 antibiotic residues is documented in Rasschaert et al (2020) [ 26 ]. The selection of the antibiotic residues is based on an accredited screening method for the detection of antibiotic residues in milk and meat in the context of food safety for which maximum residue limits (MRL) are described in the regulation (EU) nr.…”

Detecting Antibiotic Residues Among Sheep Milk using YCT, DDA, and Acidification Method in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

“…Globally, antibiotics are used in food producing animals for therapeutic, prophylactic, metaphylactic, growth enhancement, and weight gain purposes. In such cases, the antibiotics are administered in the drinking water or feed (Yadav & Kumar, 2020;Rasschaert et al, 2020).…”