Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm Formation and Sub-Inhibitory Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulation in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Abstract

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most prevalent cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance could be high among the causative agent. The purpose of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance, biofilm production, and biofilm-associated genes, bcsA and csgD, and sub-inhibitory hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation in UPEC for biofilm formation. A total of 71 UPEC were collected from a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu and subjected to identify antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion. The biofilm formation was assessed using microtiter culture plate method while pellicle formation was tested by a tube method. In representative 15 isolates based on biofilm-forming ability, bcsA and csgD were screened by conventional polymerase chain reaction, and treated with sub-lethal H2O2. The UPEC were found the most susceptible to meropenem (90.2%), and the least to ampicillin (11.3%) in vitro and 90.1% of them were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Most UPEC harbored biofilm-producing ability (97.2%), and could form pellicle at 37°C. Among representative 15 isolates, csgD was detected only among 10 isolates (66.67%) while bcsA gene was present in 13 isolates (86.67%). This study revealed that level of biofilm production elevated after sub-lethal H2O2 treatment ( P = .041). These findings suggested that the pathogens are emerging as MDR. The biofilm production is high and the majority of selected strains contained bcsA and csgD genes. Pellicle formation test was suggestive to be an alternative qualitative method to screen biofilm production in UPEC. The sub-inhibitory concentration of H2O2 may contribute in increasing biofilm formation in UPEC.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Extended-Spectrum β-lactamases Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Nepal

“…Besides ESBL production, factors such as biofilm formation and production of other antibiotic hydrolysing enzymes were found to be responsible for emergence in the resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. 91,92 In this study, ESBL-KP strains were predominantly recovered from blood (62.22%). Sarojamma and Ramakrishna also reported blood as a major source of ESBL-producers.…”

“…Besides ESBL production, factors such as biofilm formation and production of other antibiotic hydrolysing enzymes were found to be responsible for emergence in the resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. 91 , 92 …”

Multi-drug Resistance, β-Lactamases Production, and Coexistence of blaNDM-1 and mcr-1 in Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates From a Referral Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal

“… 37 The majority of them were E. coli (n = 77) since the organism is frequently associated with nosocomial and community-acquired infections. 38 E. coli being the principal cause of urinary tract infections is the reason for its higher occurrence in urine compared to other samples in our study. 39 , 40 High rates of AMR and occurrence of virulence genes are being common in E. coli causing urinary tract and blood- associated infections.…”

Anti-biofilm activity of antimicrobial peptide CRAMP-34 by regulating 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase (KduD) of Escherichia coli

“…Among the identi ed genes, the deletion of kduD signi cantly reduced the levels of bio lm formation; also, the agellar motility of Ec032ΔkduD decreased markedly. Ec032 mainly formed bio lm at the gas-liquid interface, wherein the main components of the bio lm matrix included oxygen, agellar motility, and cellulose [29]. Thus, it could be speculated that kduD gene is related to bacterial motility.…”