Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria in hospitals’ drain in Al-Madina Al-Munnawara

Abstract

Twelve final effluent samples from four hospitals namely Al-Ansar, Al-Miqat, Al-Zahraa and Al-Dar in Al-Madina Al-Munnawara were collected in spring of 2007 and screened for bacterial counts. Gramnegative rods belonging to 21 different species and 13 genera represented the main bulk (65.2%) out of the 359 bacterial isolates followed by Gram-positive rods (31.8%) and Gram positive cocci (3.1%). The most common isolates were belonging to Escherichia coli (32.05%) followed by Enterobacter cloacae (17.9%). The 234 identified Gram-negative rods isolates were tested for their susceptibility for seven antibiotics at the commonly tested concentrations in hospitals and higher concentrations of the same antibiotics. Gentamicin was the most effective antibiotic, as only 2.6% of these isolates were resistant to 10µg/ml, while 2.1% were resistant up to 256µg/ml. The least effective antibiotic tested was sulphamethoxazole, as 82.9% of the isolates were resistant to 25µg/ml of this antibiotic, while 62.8% were resistant to 1024µg/ml. The second less effective antibiotic was ampicillin.

Detection of Multidrug-Resistance Gram-Negative Bacteria from Hospital Sewage in North East, Nigeria

“…Brennan and Everman [21] found reduced susceptibility by E. coli isolated from sewage in treatment facilities in Oklahoma which attributed to the accumulation of resistant genes in the environment. Similar studies have reported high occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria [22][23][24][25][26]. All the authors revealed high burden of clinically significant antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), most with multi-drug resistant ability and tagged the ARB as "environmental pollutants".…”

Comparative analysis of capsaicin in twenty nine varieties of unexplored Capsicum and its antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens

“…Based on the findings shown in Table 3, it was concluded that E. coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium were the least susceptible to the chile pepper extracts. This was expected, because both bacteria are contain an additional outer cell membrane and are generally more resistant to antimicrobials (Ibrahim et al, 2010).…”

Resistance of Bacteria Isolates from Cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>), Carrots (<i>Daucus carota</i>) and Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i>) in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana

“…Resistance to antimicrobial agents is an increasing global problem as it poses a threat to humans [17,33]. Resistant bacteria could colonize vegetables for a number of reasons; the direct use of antimicrobials during cultivation of crops, the use of contaminated animal's manure and irrigation with contaminated water en-route to the fork (consumer) [5].…”

“…Drug-resistant infections have profound health consequences for the most vulnerable populace including patients, children, the elderly people, pregnant women as well as lactating mothers [15]. The problem of antibiotic resistance is not restricted to Ghana only but it is worldwide and the World Health Organization (WHO) in the year 2000 hinted of the world reaching a crisis point in relation to the level of resistance of microbes to drugs used in treating common infectious diseases [16,17]. Antibacterial resistance involves bacteria that cause many common and life threatening infections as there are available literature showing that much of the problem of infectious diseases worldwide result from antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and more virulent strains of such pathogenic microbes have evolved [18][19][20][21].…”