Antibiotic Resistance inSalmonellafrom Retail Foods of Animal Origin and Its Association with Disinfectant and Heavy Metal Resistance

Abstract

This study aims to demonstrate the antibiotic resistance and its association with disinfectant and heavy metal resistance in 152 Salmonella isolates recovered from retail foods of animal origins. Susceptibility testing demonstrated that 92.8% isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and the resistance was highest to oxytetracycline (80.9%), followed by trimethoprim (64.5%), amoxicillin (28.9%), ampicillin (28.3%), levofloxacin (21.7%), ciprofloxacin (16.4%), and gentamicin (10.5%), respectively. The bla and tetA genes (44.7%) were commonly present. The qacF and qacEΔ1 genes were detected in 18.4% and 8.6% of all isolates. The Cu-resistance genes pcoR, pcoC, and pcoA were the most prevalent (20.4-40.8%), followed by Hg-resistance gene merA (17.8%) and As-resistance genes arsB (6.6%). The antibiotic resistance was highly associated with disinfectant or certain heavy metal resistance genes. Most notably, the association among Cu-resistance genes (pcoC, pcoR), disinfectant resistance genes (qacF, qacEΔ1), and tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes (tet, sul) was significant (p < 0.05). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that Salmonella isolates was associated with supermarkets indicating the possibility of crosscontamination in farms or processing environment. This study indicated that retail meats may be a reservoir for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella and using disinfectants for decontamination or metals in livestock may provide a pressure for coselecting strains with acquired resistance to other antimicrobials.

Source Attribution Study of Sporadic Salmonella Derby Cases in France

“…This resistance profile was already reported in Spain in 2005 (Valdezate et al, 2005), in France in 2013 (Kerouanton et al, 2013), and is widespread in Europe in human and pork S. Derby strains (Bonardi, 2017). Moreover, resistance to heavy metals such as mercury has been demonstrated as a co-selection factor for antimicrobial resistance as this is often carried by the same transposons (Baker-Austin et al, 2006;Pal et al, 2015;Deng et al, 2017). The presence of resistance to heavy metals was already observed in Europe in the major clone of the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium (Petrovska et al, 2016).…”

Phenomic and genomic approaches to studying the inhibition of multiresistant Salmonella enterica by microcin J25

“…This relatively high percentage was expected even though the isolates were selected randomly from a collection of 3143. Several studies have reported high frequencies of resistance among Salmonella, for example 64% from broiler chickens (Mainali et al, 2014), 35% and 62.3% from pork processing plants (Sanchez-Maldonado et al, 2017) and 92.8% from foods of animal origin (Deng et al, 2018).…”

Inactivation of Multi-Drug Resistant Non-Typhoidal Salmonella and Wild-Type Escherichia coli STEC Using Organic Acids: A Potential Alternative to the Food Industry

“…Both are responsible for resistance in some antimicrobial substances too [ 36 ]. For example, Deng et al [ 37 ], evaluated Salmonella isolates from foods of animal origin at retail, and the results indicated that the use of disinfectants was related to MDR strains by selective pressure and the mechanisms described above. Moreover, other studies have also evidenced that quaternary ammonium compounds induce antimicrobial resistance [ 27 ].…”