Antibiotic resistance in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> isolated from children

Nasrin, Dilruba; Collignon, Peter; Wilson, Elena Alexandrovna; Pilotto, Louis; Douglas, Robert M.

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.1999.00416.x

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Much higher prevalence rates of cotrimoxazoleresistant pneumococcal strains have been reported from Botswana, Taiwan, Australia and Spain. 3, [31][32][33] Owing to its spectrum and low cost, this drug is often prescribed in Cô te d'Ivoire, particularly in the context of HIV;…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniaein healthy carriers: report of a study in 5-year-olds in Marcory, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Kacou-N'douba

Bouzid

Guessennd

et al. 2001

Annals of Tropical Paediatrics

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The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae is of growing public health concern. The aim of this study was to assess resistance rates of S. pneumoniae to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents. Between November 1997 and February 1998 in a community health centre in Marcory, an Abidjan suburb, 138 S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from the nasopharynxes of 218 apparently healthy children aged 3-60 months. The sensitivity of the isolates was tested using the Kirby-Bauer method. In isolates with a possibly abnormal sensitivity to the Kirby-Bauer test, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were estimated using the E-test. Antimicrobials tested included penicillin G, amoxycillin, cefotaxime, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, rifampicin and vancomycin. Twelve of 108 isolates (8.7%) had reduced sensitivity to penicillin G, and in three of them the MIC for penicillin reached at least 2 micrograms/ml. Resistance to amoxycillin and cefotaxime was lower than to penicillin (2.2%). With regard to cotrimoxazole, 37% were moderately resistant and 15.2% highly resistant. The lowest resistance rate observed was to rifampicin (2.2%) and the highest was to tetracycline (57.2%). Rates of resistance to erythromycin and chloramphenicol were 11.6% and 2.9%. All strains were sensitive to vancomycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 9.4% of S. pneumoniae isolates. In children, epidemiological surveillance of resistance can be monitored by bacteriological surveys, as shown in this study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniaein healthy carriers: report of a study in 5-year-olds in Marcory, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Kacou-N'douba

Bouzid

Guessennd

et al. 2001

Annals of Tropical Paediatrics

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“…Each year, S. pneumoniae infections cause Ͼ100,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia, 6 million cases of otitis media, and Ͼ60,000 cases of invasive disease, including 3,300 cases of meningitis. Recently, antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae strains have emerged worldwide (1)(2)(3)(4). Hence, vaccination against pneumococcal infections is greatly needed.…”

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confidence: 99%

CCL5 Modulates Pneumococcal Immunity and Carriage

Palaniappan

Singh

et al. 2006

The Journal of Immunology

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Understanding the requirements for protection against pneumococcal carriage and pneumonia will greatly benefit efforts in controlling these diseases. Recently, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms can result in diminished expression of CCL5, which results in increased susceptibility to and progression of infectious diseases. We show that CCL5, together with Th cytokine mRNA expression, is temporally up-regulated during pneumococcal carriage. To determine the contribution of CCL5 to pneumococcal surface antigen A-specific humoral and cellular pneumococcal immunity, mice were treated with anti-CCL5 or control Abs before and during Streptococcus pneumoniae strain EF3030-challenge for the initiation of carriage. CCL5 blockade resulted in a decrease of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as CD11b+ cells in the spleen, cervical lymph node, lung, and nasopharyngeal associated lymphoid tissue during the recognition phase of the pneumococcal adaptive immune response. CCL5 blockade significantly reduced the Ag-specific IgG2a and IgG1 Abs in serum and IgA Ab levels in nasal washes. These decreases also corresponded to reductions in Ag-specific T cell (mucosal and systemic) responses. CCL5 inhibition resulted in decreasing the quantity of IL-4- and IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells and increasing the number of Ag-specific IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells; these changes combined also corresponded with the transition from pneumococcal carriage to lethal pneumonia. These data suggest that CCL5 is an essential factor for the induction and maintenance of protective pneumococcal immunity.

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“…These organisms are responsible for most episodes of acute otitis media (4), and nasopharyngeal colonization precedes the development of otitis (10,11). Day care center (DCC) attendance has been reported as a major risk factor for increased rates of carriage of these respiratory bacterial pathogens (1), for increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (3), and for increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance, especially in S. pneumoniae (6,15,18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Potential Bacterial Pathogens Related to Day Care Attendance, with Special Reference to the Molecular Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae

Peerbooms

Engelen²,

Stokman³

et al. 2002

J Clin Microbiol

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Nasopharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis was studied in 259 children attending day care centers (DCC) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and in 276 control children. The DCC children were sampled a second time after 4 weeks. Carriage rates for DCC children and controls were 58 and 37% for S. pneumoniae, 37 and 11% for H. influenzae, and 80 and 48% for M. catarrhalis, respectively. No increased antibiotic resistance rates were found in strains isolated from DCC children. All H. influenzae isolates were typed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Evidence for frequent transmission of H. influenzae strains within DCC was found. In the control group only two isolates (4%) displayed identical RAPD types versus 38% of strains from DCC children. Colonization with H. influenzae appeared to be short-lived in these children; more than half of the children harboring H. influenzae in the first sample were negative in the second sample, whereas most children still positive in the second sample had a different genotype than in the first sample. Of the newly acquired strains in the second sample, 40% were identical to a strain that had been found in a child in the same DCC in the first sample. DCC are to be considered epidemiological niches with a high potential for the spread of pathogenic microorganisms.

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Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children

Cited by 23 publications

References 19 publications

Antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniaein healthy carriers: report of a study in 5-year-olds in Marcory, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniaein healthy carriers: report of a study in 5-year-olds in Marcory, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

CCL5 Modulates Pneumococcal Immunity and Carriage

Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Potential Bacterial Pathogens Related to Day Care Attendance, with Special Reference to the Molecular Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae

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