Antibiotic-resistant bacteria contaminating leafy vegetables in Saudi Arabia’s eastern region

Abstract

Background Food-associated antibiotic-resistant bacteria can cause infections that may critically impact human health. The objectives of this study were to determine the microbial contamination level of green leafy vegetables and their antibiotic resistance pattern. Methods Sixty-three samples of leafy vegetables were collected from Dammam Central Fruit and Vegetables Market from January to June 2023. The vegetables included lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ), parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ), and watercress ( Nasturtium officinale ). Samples were tested by standard microbiological techniques for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Result Eight types of bacteria belonging to six different genera were detected. Enterobacteriaceae family was represented by four genera: Klebsiella , Proteus , Morganella , and Enterobacter . The other two genera were Pseudomonas and Aeromonas . Enterobacter cloacae was the most abundant organism, followed by Pseudomonas putida and Aeromonas sobria . On the other hand, Morganella morganii , Aeromonas hydrophila , and Proteus mirabilis were the least abundant. The three vegetable types had different levels of bacterial contamination. All isolated organisms were sensitive to penicillin, cephalosporin, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone. However, Klebsiella oxytoca , M . morganii , and K . pneumonia showed resistance to ampicillin. A . hydrophila , Morganella morganii , and E . cloacae showed resistance to amoxicillin. M . morganii and E . cloacae were found to be resistant to cefalotin. Moreover, A . hydrophila , M . morganii , and E . cloacae were resistant to cefoxitin. Again, A. hydrophila was found to be resistant to imipenem. Only M . morganii was resistant to Ciprofloxacin. Two isolates, P . mirabilis and M . morganii were resistant to tigecycline. Another...