Antibiotic utilization in Iran 2000–2016: Pattern analysis and benchmarking with organization for economic co-operation and development Countries

Abstract

Objectives:Antibiotic resistance is the main threat to health all over the world. The consumption of antibiotics is one of the factors causing the emergence of multidrug resistance. The purpose of this study was to recognize the patterns, trends, and changes of consumption in Iran and to compare them with those of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.Methods:The data were collected from a national pharmaceutical wholesale data bank. Defined daily dose (DDD) or DDDs per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) was calculated as a standard indicator for the consumption over 17 years.Results:Were benchmarked with the consumption of OECD countries. Drug utilization 90% (DU90%) method was used to assess the drug consumption pattern.Findings:The antibiotic consumption jumped up from 33.6 DID to 60 DID from 2000 to 2016. Compared to the average consumption of OECD countries, Iran has consumed antibiotics almost triple times. There were 9–11 chemical substances in the DU90% list during these years. Changes in DU90% list occurred within antibiotics classes during the study period. Although the total consumption growth was equal to 79% during these years, consumption of some pharmacological subgroups such as sulfonamide and aminoglycosides has decreased.Conclusion:Albeit the existence of surveillance system for health-related infectious diseases, the consumption of antibiotics has increased drastically, which illustrates the necessity of comprehensive and effective national antibiotic stewardship.

Application of Tarkhineh Fermented Product to Produce Potato Chips With Strong Probiotic Properties, High Shelf-Life, and Desirable Sensory Characteristics

“…Therefore, based on these results and hemolytic activity, these 3 isolates were selected for antibiotic susceptibility evaluation. The antibiotic susceptibility results of isolated LAB against nine clinically important and widely used antibiotics in Iran are presented in Table 5 (Abbasian et al, 2019). All three isolates were sensitive or semi-sensitive to cefixime, azithromycin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, cephalexin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.…”

<p>The Impact of an Antibiotic Stewardship Program on the Consumption of Specific Antimicrobials and Their Cost Burden: A Hospital-wide Intervention</p>

“…6 This issue can be even more evident in low income countries due to their inefficient vaccination policies, higher rates of infectious diseases, the unavailability of a variety of effective antibiotics, and even laboratory techniques, instruments, and media required for the accurate identification of apathogen. 7,8 Considering that antimicrobial consumption has almost doubled in Iran during the past decade, 9 and inappropriate empiric antibiotic therapy has been reported to be high, 10 without doubt AMR is an issue in the country that must be looked into. In addition to significant mortality, AMR has been reported to add as high as trillions of dollars of cost burden to nations.…”

How many medications do doctors in primary care use? An observational study of the DU90% indicator in primary care in England

“…Previous domain-specific research in primary care has focused on priority or highrisk drug classes, particularly antibiotics, where variation in the overall number of agents, broad-spectrum agents and non-first-line agents in the DU90% has been examined. [30][31][32][33][34] Variation in DU90% profiles of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [35][36][37] and CNS agents has also been examined. 38 39 Audit and feedback is an important intervention for quality improvement.…”