Antibiotics for respiratory illness?

Tomlinson, David F

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6037.697-a

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Foamability was good and also stable for all soaps, except for those samples superfatted with palm kernel olein and canola oil, in which the volume of foam was halved after 5 min. However, the survey done by Tomlinson (11) showed that consumers were able to recognize the differences in soap foaming properties but did not use this criteria in showing the overall preference. Alternatively, foam boosters can be added to enhance foaming.…”

Section: Effects Of Superfatting Agents 327mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of superfatting agents on cracking phenomena in toilet soap

Kuntom

Ahmad

Kifli

et al. 1999

J Surfact & Detergents

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Palm stearin (POs) is one of the cheapest sources of C16-C18 fatty acids for use in soap making. Toilet-soap formulations containing a high content of POs, however, would result in hard soaps with a tendency to form cracks on the surface. This phenomenon can be overcome by addition of superfatting agents to increase plasticity of the finished product. In this study, two different blends of soap made from distilled POs, palm oil (PO), and palm kernel oil (PKO) fatty acids in the ratio of 40POs/40PO/20PKO and 70POs/30PKO were evaluated. The soaps were superfatted with glycerin, palm kernel olein, coconut oil, olive oil and canola oil. The levels of incorporation of each superfatting material were 1, 2, 4, and 6%, respectively. The samples were subsequently tested for both wet and dry crackings using the Hewitt Soap Company methods (numbers 78 and 79, respectively). The superfatted soaps had a total fatty matter of 73-83% and an average moisture content of 10%. The penetration value which indicates hardness increased with increasing amount of superfatting agents. Foaming or lathering property was good with the exception of the formulation using palm kernel olein and canola oil as superfatting agents. At all the above levels of superfatting agents added, no cracks were observed during both wet and dry cracking tests. A sample of soap superfatted with 2% canola oil, however, developed cracks during the wet cracking test. This resulted in a test score of 7. Superfatting soaps with 1-2% neutral oils or glycerin resulted in better quality soaps that were free of cracks.Palm oil (PO) is a semisolid oil from the mesocarp of the palm fruit, Elaeis guineensis. Palm stearin (POs) is the solid fraction of PO and is one of the cheapest sources of C16-C18 fatty acids used in soap making. However, POs has some limitations when high proportions are incorporated into a toilet soap formulation. Hard (1) soaps are produced which tend to crack under dry and wet conditions.Hardness and cracking phenomena are the two important properties of solid soaps. Both these properties are often interrelated. The hardness of soap depends on the iodine value of oils or fats, which is an indication of the degree of saturation or unsaturation. Low iodine value indicates that oils or fats have high saturation, and the soaps produced are generally hard. Presence of unsaturation in the fat reduces hardness soap. POs has low iodine value, and this is one reason for soap hardness.Cracking can be due to a number of factors such as bar design, degree of distortion of the blank during stamping, composition and level of fragrance and other additives, and the efficiency of soap line finishing (2). There are two types of crackings-namely dry and wet. Dry cracks are due to fissure formation caused by air entrained in the soap during final extrusion (2). This is due to poor vacuum or inefficient plodding. Wet cracks develop in soap bars during in-wash usage and normally give rise to ugly lines on the soap bar, a problem that needs to be addressed to ensure that a...

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Section: Effects Of Superfatting Agents 327mentioning

confidence: 99%