Antibiotics Modulate Intestinal Regeneration

Abstract

The increased antibiotics usage in biomedical and agricultural settings has been well documented. Antibiotics have now been shown to exert effects outside their purposive use, including effects on physiological and developmental processes. We explored the effect of various antibiotics on intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. For this, holothurians were eviscerated and left to regenerate for 10 days in seawater with different penicillin/streptomycin-based cocktails (100 µg/mL PS) including: 100 µg/mL kanamycin (KPS), 5 µg/mL vancomycin (VPS), and 4 µg/mL (E4PS) or 20 µg/mL (E20PS) erythromycin. Immunohistological and histochemical analyses were performed to analyze regenerative processes, including rudiment size, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, cell proliferation, and muscle dedifferentiation. A reduction in muscle dedifferentiation was observed in all antibiotic-treated animals. ECM remodeling was decreased by VPS, E4PS, and E20PS treatments. In addition, organisms subjected to E20PS displayed a significant reduction in the size of their regenerating rudiments while VPS exposure altered cell proliferation. MTT assays were used to discard the possibility that the antibiotics directly affect holothurian metabolic activity while bacterial cultures were used to test antibiotic effects on holothurian enteric microbiota. Our results demonstrate a negative effect on intestinal regeneration and strongly suggest that these effects are due to alterations in the microbial community.

Development of Very-Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease After Multiple Early-Life Antibiotic Exposures: A Case Report and Literature Review

“…Antibiotics use has been on the rise over the past decade globally, with increased use in medicine to prevent and treat pathogen-related diseases [ 13 ]. As a result, some geographic regions have witnessed an increasing trend in the incidence of VEO-IBD, amounting to around 7.2% per year [ 14 ].…”

Antibiotic prophylaxis dysregulates dental implant placement surgery‐induced osteoimmune wound healing and attenuates the alveolar bone–implant interface in mice

“…Recent studies in specific pathogen‐free animals have elucidated that surgical wounding causes eubiotic (health‐promoting) shifts in local commensal microbiota, which supports wound repair (Alam et al, 2016; Weigel, 2020). Notably, prophylactic antibiotic‐induced dysbiotic (disease‐promoting) shifts in commensal microbiota have been linked with dysregulated immune responses that impair wound healing (Díaz‐Díaz et al, 2021; Nalluri et al, 2020; Su et al, 2018; Zhang et al, 2014). Based on this knowledge, we speculate that dental implant placement surgery induces eubiotic shifts in commensal oral microbiota, which promote peri‐implant alveolar bone wound healing.…”

The Role of the Microbiota in Regeneration-Associated Processes

“…The second type of study, which precisely examined the role of the microbiome in holothurian gut regeneration, was recently published by our group (Díaz-Díaz, et al, 2021). Here, different antibiotic cocktails were used to cause dysbiosis and study the influence of the commensal community in the intestinal regeneration process.…”