Antibodies against Schmallenberg virus detected in cattle in the Otjozondjupa region, Namibia

Molini, Umberto; Dondona, Andrea Capobianco; Hilbert, Renate; Monaco, Federica

doi:10.4102/jsava.v89i0.1666

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The Schmallenberg virus RNA was also recently detected in Culicoides pools as well as in malformed livestock in Israel [ 31 ]. Antibodies to SBV have been reported in ruminants of neighboring countries of Namibia [ 32 ] and Mozambique [ 33 ], indicating the virus may be circulating in southern Africa; however, the close relationship with other members of this group, such as is apparent from our study, may also suggest possible cross reactivity of antibodies in the Simbu serogroup [ 34 ]. The Ingwavuma virus was the only virus not from clade B in the Simbu serogroup.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

An Investigation of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as Potential Vectors of Medically and Veterinary Important Arboviruses in South Africa

Snyman

Venter

2021

Viruses

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Culicoides-borne viruses such as bluetongue, African horse sickness, and Schmallenberg virus cause major economic burdens due to animal outbreaks in Africa and their emergence in Europe and Asia. However, little is known about the role of Culicoides as vectors for zoonotic arboviruses. In this study, we identify both veterinary and zoonotic arboviruses in pools of Culicoides biting midges in South Africa, during 2012–2017. Midges were collected at six surveillance sites in three provinces and screened for Alphavirs, Flavivirus, Orthobunyavirus, and Phlebovirus genera; equine encephalosis virus (EEV); and Rhaboviridae, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In total, 66/331 (minimum infection rate (MIR) = 0.4) pools tested positive for one or more arbovirus. Orthobunyaviruses, including Shuni virus (MIR = 0.1) and EEV (MIR = 0.2) were more readily detected, while only 2/66 (MIR = 0.1) Middelburg virus and 4/66 unknown Rhabdoviridae viruses (MIR = 0.0) were detected. This study suggests Culicoides as potential vectors of both veterinary and zoonotic arboviruses detected in disease outbreaks in Africa, which may contribute to the emergence of these viruses to new regions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

An Investigation of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as Potential Vectors of Medically and Veterinary Important Arboviruses in South Africa

Snyman

Venter

2021

Viruses

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“…In 2016, SBV re-emerged and recirculated in Ireland, the UK and in Belgium [27–29] resulting in a second outbreak of abortions and congenital malformations in ruminants. SBV was also confirmed in regions that had previously been unaffected by SBV (north and north west of Ireland [30]), and in countries outside of the EU [31–38], highlighting the continued geographical expansion of SBV. The virus continued to circulate in Ireland and the UK in 2017, which is in contrast with other European countries which have not (yet, September 2019) reported notable SBV circulation during this time (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…A model for the transmission of SBV between regions in Europe suggested that vector dispersal is the principal mechanism for transmission of SBV, even at the continental scale [219]. More recently, SBV has been reported in countries outside of Europe, including Azerbaijan [31], China [32], Ethiopia [33, 34], Iran [35], Lebanon [36], Namibia [38] and Mozambique [31, 37] suggesting possible geographical expansion of SBV. However, reports of SBV emergence in new geographical regions which are based solely on serological detection of SBV antibodies, particularly when samples originate in regions where other Simbu viruses are known to be enzootic, should be interpreted cautiously as some ELISAs can have cross-reactivity between SBV and other Simbu viruses [114].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schmallenberg virus: a systematic international literature review (2011-2019) from an Irish perspective

Collins

Doherty

Barrett³

et al. 2019

Ir Vet J

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In Autumn 2011, nonspecific clinical signs of pyrexia, diarrhoea, and drop in milk yield were observed in dairy cattle near the German town of Schmallenberg at the Dutch/German border. Targeted veterinary diagnostic investigations for classical endemic and emerging viruses could not identify a causal agent. Blood samples were collected from animals with clinical signs and subjected to metagenomic analysis; a novel orthobunyavirus was identified and named Schmallenberg virus (SBV). In late 2011/early 2012, an epidemic of abortions and congenital malformations in calves, lambs and goat kids, characterised by arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly were reported in continental Europe. Subsequently, SBV RNA was confirmed in both aborted and congenitally malformed foetuses and also in Culicoides species biting midges. It soon became evident that SBV was an arthropod-borne teratogenic virus affecting domestic ruminants. SBV rapidly achieved a pan-European distribution with most countries confirming SBV infection within a year or two of the initial emergence. The first Irish case of SBV was confirmed in the south of the country in late 2012 in a bovine foetus. Since SBV was first identified in 2011, a considerable body of scientific research has been conducted internationally describing this novel emerging virus. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive synopsis of the most up-to-date scientific literature regarding the origin of SBV and the spread of the Schmallenberg epidemic, in addition to describing the species affected, clinical signs, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors, impact, diagnostics, surveillance methods and control measures. This review also highlights current knowledge gaps in the scientific literature regarding SBV, most notably the requirement for further research to determine if, and to what extent, SBV circulation occurred in Europe and internationally during 2017 and 2018. Moreover, recommendations are also made regarding future arbovirus surveillance in Europe, specifically the establishment of a European-wide sentinel herd surveillance program, which incorporates bovine serology and Culicoides entomology and virology studies, at national and international level to monitor for the emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses such as SBV, bluetongue virus and other novel Culicoides-borne arboviruses.

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“…The original source of SBV is still unclear; however, there are reports of SBV cross-reactive antibodies to other Simbu serogroup viruses found in African cattle, prior to and after the initial European outbreak [18,19,20]. A report from Jordan in 2013 indicated detection of antibodies against Aino virus, another Simbu serogroup virus, in ruminants on farms where similar clinical symptoms associated with SBV infections were observed [21].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Schmallenberg Disease—A Newly Emerged Culicoides-Borne Viral Disease of Ruminants

Endalew

Faburay

Wilson

et al. 2019

Viruses

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First appearing in 2011 in Northern Europe, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), an Orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup, is associated with clinical disease mainly in ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats. The clinical signs are characterized by abortion and congenital deformities in newborns. The virus is transmitted by Culicoides midges of the Obsoletus complex. SBV infection induces a solid protective immunity that persists for at least 4 or 6 years in sheep and cattle, respectively. SBV infection can be diagnosed directly by real-time RT-qPCR and virus isolation or indirectly by serological assays. Three vaccines are commercially available in Europe. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on this emerging disease regarding pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, control and prevention. This review also highlights that although much has been learned since SBV’s first emergence, there are still areas that require further study to devise better mitigation strategies.

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Antibodies against Schmallenberg virus detected in cattle in the Otjozondjupa region, Namibia

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

An Investigation of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as Potential Vectors of Medically and Veterinary Important Arboviruses in South Africa

An Investigation of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as Potential Vectors of Medically and Veterinary Important Arboviruses in South Africa

Schmallenberg virus: a systematic international literature review (2011-2019) from an Irish perspective

Schmallenberg Disease—A Newly Emerged Culicoides-Borne Viral Disease of Ruminants

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