Antibodies and their Fragments as Anti-Cancer Agents

Abstract

The recent developments in the field of recombinant DNA, protein engineering and cancer biology, have let us gain insight into many cancer-related mechanisms. Moreover, novel techniques have facilitated tools allowing unique distinction between malignantly transformed cells, to regular ones. This understanding has paved the way for the rational design of a new age of pharmaceuticals; monoclonal antibodies and their fragments. Antibodies can select antigens on both a specific and high affinity account, and further implementation of these qualities is used to target cancer cells by specifically identifying exogenous antigens of cancer cell populations. The structure of the antibody provides plasticity resonating from its functional sites. Upon binding to the Fc Receptor on effector cells, the crystallisable fragment (Fc) region elicits the onslaught of Antigen Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the plasma-native Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC) response and apoptosis. The progenitor form of the antibody can evolve in to a tailored therapeutic molecule with the help of recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant antibodies may be linked to potent toxins or radio-labeled fragments, conferring a high killing capability. Other recombinant techniques such as ADEPT, conjugate the specificity of antibodies to a prodrug-catalytic subunit thus creating a high local concentration of an activated chemotherapeutic. Antibodies can be used to recruit the adaptive immune response by binding the antibody fragment to a recombinant MHC molecule displaying a highly immunogenic peptide. Apart from their therapeutic capabilities antibodies are powerful detection tools as observed in the operating theater in a procedure known as Radio-immuno-guided Surgery (RIGS).

Antibody-Based Therapy for Solid Tumors

“…Tumor retention can be improved with multivalent constructs. 24 Use of antibody constructs of higher valence, for greater avidity, and of multiple specificities. Use of antibodies as carriers of cytotoxic agents using a small molecule or large molecule toxin, or radionuclide covalently linked to the antibody.…”

Human scFv SIgA expressed on Lactococcus lactis as a vector for the treatment of mucosal disease

“…These antibodies or the scFv contains the IgG Fc region. Upon binding to the Fc receptor on effector cells they elicit effector function like antigen -dependant cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) response and apoptosis [28]. It is well documented that FcaRI elicit immune responses more efficient than IgG Fc receptors [29].…”

Emerging Treatments and Gene Expression Profiling in High-Risk Medulloblastoma

“…[135][136][137] This principle has been used for directing mAbs against growth isation or a convection-enhanced delivery method is preferable. [100,101,137,[151][152][153] factors and their receptors: for example, bevacizumab, a humanized mAb that blocks neovascularization by binding to the vascuOnly a large, randomized, multi-institutional trial could provide lar endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor; cetuximab, a chidefinitive data about mAb therapy in brain tumors. meric mAb that targets EGFR; trastuzumab, a humanized mAb 3.3 Antiangiogenic Chemotherapy that targets erbB2/HER2; and, more recently, IMC-1121, a chimeric mAb that blocks VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2).…”