Antibodies elicited by cancer in patients

Evidence of Induced Immunity to Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma Brought About Through the Combination of Freund's Adjuvant with Living Tumour

“…This may be an example of an XYZ effect (Casey, Hatherway and Casey, 1956;Goldie, Walker, Kelley and Gaines, 1956) brought about through a decrease in the immunological response of the host. This is in keeping with clinical experience of malignant growths (Graham and Graham, 1955). As the mice in this group show least evidence of natural immunity they are, in fact, more suitable than group 2 as a control for the experimental group 6.…”

“…It has been shown that a combination of dead tumour in Freund's adjuvant may result in the production of tumour antibodies (Fink, Smith and Rothlauf, 1955;Witebsky, Rose and Shulman, 1956;Graham and Graham, 1959;Finney, Byers and Wilson, 1960), but these are not easy to demonstrate. In the present experiment living tumour was used to avoid the possibility of denaturating the tumour protein, and subcutaneous injection was chosen as it is thought to be optimal for the development of delayed sensitivity (Lawrence, 1956).…”

Autoimmune responses to human tumour antigens.

“…The literature on antigenic differences between normal and tumour cells is extensive and is well reviewed by Haddow (1965). Although relatively less work has been carried out on the immunology of human tumours, the evidence so far obtained is generally compatible with the findings in experimental animals and indicates the existence of human tumour specific antigens (Graham and Graham, 1955;Makari, 1955;Burrows, 1958;De Carvalho, 1960;Finney, Byers and Wilson, 1960;Nairn, Richmond, McEntegart and Fothergill, 1960;Buttle, Eperon and Kovacs, 1962;Goudie and McCallum, 1962;McKenna, Sanderson and Blakemore, 1962;Nairn, Fothergill, McEntegart and Richmond, 1962;De Carvalho, Rand and Ashby, 1963;Greenspan, Brown and Schwarts, 1963). Transplantation studies are not normally practicable in man, and investigators have used a variety of other techniques.…”

“…An unusual feature of the 2 instances of tumour specific antigens is their apparent mitochondrial nature. Other evidence suggests that human tumour antigens are soluble, although their molecular type is not clear having been suggested to be protein (De Carvalho, 1960;De Carvalho, Rand and Ashby, 1963;McKenna, Sanderson and Blakemore, 1962), polypeptide (Graham and Graham, 1955;Burrows and Neil, 1958), or polysaccharide (Makari, 1958). Neither does the autoantibody detected here appear to be identical with that described by von Kleist and Burtin (1966) which reacts with an antigen present in both normal and neoplastic colonic epithelium which may be microsomal in nature.…”

“…Transplantation studies are not normally practicable in man, and investigators have used a variety of other techniques. If human tumours possess antigens distinct from those of the tissues of the individual concerned, tumour-specific autoantibody responses should sometimes be detectable and yet reports of such responses are scanty (Graham and Graham, 1955;Finney, Byers and Wilson, 1960). The following investigation employs a wide range of serological techniques and tumour antigen preparations in an attempt to investigate the frequency of circulating autoantibodies to human tumour antigens.…”