Antibodies in the breastmilk of COVID-19 recovered women

Szczygioł, Paulina; Łukianowski, Błażej; Kościelska‐Kasprzak, Katarzyna; Jakuszko, Katarzyna; Bartoszek, Dorota; Krajewska, Magdalena; Królak‐Olejnik, Barbara

doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04945-z

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In comparison, the control group comprised 59,460 infants distributed as follows: 5832 (9.8%) hybrid immunity, 5430 (9.2%) natural immunity, 12,212 (20.5%) full vaccination, 21,287 (35.8%) partial vaccination, and 14,699 (24.7%) born to naïve mothers. Maternal post-partum vaccination could impact the risk of COVID-19 infection among infants 16 , 17 ; we therefore analyzed the frequency of post-partum vaccination among all subgroups and found similar rates (ranging from 7 to 10%). The distribution of the study population by maternal immunity status for case and control infants, over the study period, is illustrated in Supplementary fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Maternal hybrid immunity and risk of infant COVID-19 hospitalizations: national case-control study in Israel

Guedalia,

Lipschuetz,

Cahen-Peretz

et al. 2024

Nat Commun

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Hybrid immunity, acquired through vaccination followed or preceded by a COVID-19 infection, elicits robust antibody augmentation. We hypothesize that maternal hybrid immunity will provide greater infant protection than other forms of COVID-19 immunity in the first 6 months of life. We conducted a case-control study in Israel, enrolling 661 infants up to 6 months of age, hospitalized with COVID-19 (cases) and 59,460 age-matched non-hospitalized infants (controls) between August 24, 2021, and March 15, 2022. Infants were grouped by maternal immunity status at delivery: Naïve (never vaccinated or tested positive, reference group), Hybrid-immunity (vaccinated and tested positive), Natural-immunity (tested positive before or during the study period), Full-vaccination (two-shot regimen plus 1 booster), and Partial-vaccination (less than full three shot regimen). Applying Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard ratios, which was then converted to percent vaccine effectiveness, and using the Naïve group as the reference, maternal hybrid-immunity provided the highest protection (84% [95% CI 75-90]), followed by full-vaccination (66% [95% CI 56-74]), natural-immunity (56% [95% CI 39-68]), and partial-vaccination (29% [95% CI 15-41]). Maternal hybrid-immunity was associated with a reduced risk of infant hospitalization for Covid-19, as compared to natural-immunity, regardless of exposure timing or sequence. These findings emphasize the benefits of vaccinating previously infected individuals during pregnancy to reduce COVID-19 hospitalizations in early infancy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Maternal hybrid immunity and risk of infant COVID-19 hospitalizations: national case-control study in Israel

Guedalia,

Lipschuetz,

Cahen-Peretz

et al. 2024

Nat Commun

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“…The difference might be due to the relatively small number of participants in our study. Other studies did not find an association between the antibody transfer to breastmilk and gestational age, but they were limited due to unsuccessful participation from all three trimesters [ 8 , 14 ]. We found the longest duration of positive serum IgG antibodies above the threshold to be 61.5 weeks from a women infected in her first trimester, and the duration may have been longer if the study had included a more extended follow-up period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study by Szcygiol and colleagues confirms the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG antibodies in the breastmilk of SARS-CoV-2--recovered women and found no relation of the antibody levels and the trimester of infection. The study, although including all three trimesters, does not elaborate on their specific findings in relation to the trimester of infection, and only collected breastmilk samples at one timepoint [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Based on the findings of Fich et al and the lack of representation of all three trimesters in the literature, we hypothesize that the timing of infection in naturally immunized mothers could have a possible impact on future SARS-CoV-2 maternal–neonate immunization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study

Fich,

Christiansen,

Nilsson

et al. 2024

IJMS

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The immune system of neonates is immature and therefore knowledge of possible early-life protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as breastfeeding, is of great importance. Few studies have investigated the presence and duration of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breastmilk in relation to the trimester of maternal infection during pregnancy, and none with successful participation from all three trimesters. This study has dual objectives (1) in relation to the trimester of infection to examine the frequency, concentration and duration of IgA and IgG antibodies in breastmilk and blood serum in the third and sixth month post-partum in former SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers and (2) to examine the association in pediatric emergency admission of children within the first six months of life compared to children of non-SARS-CoV-2-infected women. The first objective is based on a prospective cohort and the second is based on a nested case–control design. The study participants are women with a former SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, whose serology IgG tests at delivery were still positive. Maternal blood and breastmilk samples were collected at three and six months postpartum. Serum IgA frequency three months pp was 72.7% (50%, 90% and 60% in the first, second and third trimester) and 82% six months pp (67%, 91% and 82% in the first, second and third trimester). Breastmilk IgA frequency three months pp was 27% (16.6%, 36% and 20% in first, second and third trimester) and 28% six months pp (0%, 38% and 28% in the first, second and third trimester). The highest IgA concentration in breastmilk was found six months post-partum with infection in the third trimester. Serum IgA was detectable more than 400 days post infection, and serum IgG above threshold was found 430 days after date of infection. We found no correlation between serum IgA and breastmilk IgA, nor between serum IgG and breastmilk IgA regardless of the trimester of infection.

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“…However, subsequent studies demonstrated that the probability of placental transmission is usually less than 5% [15] and that the virus cannot enter the mammary gland [16]; moreover, no live SARS-CoV-2 had been isolated in breastmilk, making it unlikely that breastmilk could be a vector for SARS-CoV-2 transmission [17,18]. Furthermore, other evidence showed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG antibodies in the breastmilk of COVID-19 recovered women, raising the possibility that these antibodies could provide specific immunologic benefits to breastfeeding infants and provide protection against virus transmission [19,20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 on Breastfeeding among SARS-CoV-2 Infected Pregnant Women: A Single Centre Survey Study

Sirico

Musto

Brigidi

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: Although current guidelines recommend that mothers with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection should be encouraged to initiate and continue breastfeeding, up-to-date literature shows conflicting data regarding breastfeeding experiences in infected women. This survey aimed to report on the psychological impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on breastfeeding practice and medical counselling in a single tertiary center in Southern Italy. Methods: One-hundred breastfeeding women with SARS-CoV-2 infection at delivery were given an anonymous questionnaire regarding breastfeeding and women’s perception of the impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding. Results: 75% of women reported they had difficulty breastfeeding; among them, 66 (66%) declared that separation from their babies after delivery affected their ability to breastfeed. Incidence of reported difficulties in breastfeeding was higher in women who underwent caesarean section compared to women with vaginal delivery (56/65, 86.2% vs. 19/35, 54.3%, χ2 = 12.322, p < 0.001) and in women with a hospital stay of more than 5 days (48/57, 84.2% vs. 23/37, 62.2%, χ2 = 5.902, p = 0.015). Furthermore, the incidence of difficulties in breastfeeding was higher in women who subsequently decided to use exclusively infant formula compared to women who mixed maternal milk with infant formula and women who breastfed exclusively with maternal milk (48/49, 98% vs. 20/25, 80% vs. 7/26, 26.9%, χ2 = 46.160, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our survey highlights the importance of healthcare support and information on hygiene practices to decrease the perceived stress related to breastfeeding for infected mothers under restrictions, especially in women undergoing cesarean section and with a long hospital stay.

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Antibodies in the breastmilk of COVID-19 recovered women

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

Maternal hybrid immunity and risk of infant COVID-19 hospitalizations: national case-control study in Israel

Maternal hybrid immunity and risk of infant COVID-19 hospitalizations: national case-control study in Israel

SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study

Impact of COVID-19 on Breastfeeding among SARS-CoV-2 Infected Pregnant Women: A Single Centre Survey Study

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