Antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes in newborn and adult sera reactive with gram-negative bacteria

Cohen, Irun R.; Norins, Leslie C.

doi:10.1172/jci105795

Cited by 40 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Procedure The IFA procedure was done as previously described (Cohen, 1967). Briefly, 3 per cent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serum antibody response in experimental human gonorrhoea. Immunoglobulins G, A, and M.

Cohen¹,

Kellogg²,

Norins³

1969

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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This report concerns the sequential development of the immunoglobulin response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in ten human male volunteers who were experimentally infected with virulent organisms during a study on the correlation of virulence with colonial type (Kellogg, Cohen, Norins, Schroeter, and Reising, 1968). An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) procedure, using fluorescent antisera specific for human IgG, IgA, and IgM (Ceppellini and others, 1964) antibodies, was used to detect the immunoglobulin class of the patients' antibodies reactive with heat-labile surface or heat-stable somatic antigens. Material and MethodsInoculation Procedure Ten individuals were selected for inoculation from among a large number of volunteers in Atlanta, Georgia. The patients were admitted to a special ward in two groups of three, and one group of four. Particulars regarding the selection of volunteers, the method of intraurethral inoculation, the clinical response, and the criteria for assessing infection and cure, as well as the methods used in preparing the bacteria have been presented in detail elsewhere (Kellogg and others, 1968).All patients were treated on the fifth day of infection except Patient 3 who, at his request, was treated on the third day. Eight patients received one intramuscular injection of 2-4 million units aqueous procaine penicillin G. Patients 4 and 6 were allergic to penicillin and were treated orally with 1-5 g. oxytetracycline. These patients had a culture-proven relapse on Day 7 and were retreated with 3 0 g. oxytetracycline on Days 7 and 8, after which they were judged to be cured.Sera The patients were bled before inoculation and on Days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 60, and 120 after infection. The sera on Day 5 were taken before treatment given that day. The bloods were allowed to clot overnight at 4°C., and the sera were removed and stored in aliquots at -20°C. and -50°C. Sera were diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7-2, on the day of testing and were used unheated, unless specified.Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Procedure The IFA procedure was done as previously described (Cohen, 1967). Briefly, 3 per cent. formalin in PBS was used to preserve the heat-labile surface antigens (F) of the N. gonorrhoeae clone Ti, strain F62, which was used to infect the patients. The heat-stable somatic antigens (121°C.) were exposed by heating the bacteria at 121°C. for 2 hrs. Standard concentrations of these antigens were fixed to circumscribed areas of glass slides. One drop (0-04 ml.) of the diluted test serum was placed over the appropriate area of the slide, and the slide was incubated at 37°C. for 30 min. and then washed in fresh PBS for three 5-min. periods. The classes of antibodies binding to N. gonorrhoeae antigens were detected by incubating the slide-fixed antibody-bacterium complexes with 1 drop of the appropriate fluorescent antiserum specific for human IgG, IgA, or IgM. The slide was then incubated and washed as before, and examined, after mounting and coding, with a fluorescence micros...

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“…Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Procedure The IFA procedure was done as previously described (Cohen, 1967). Briefly, 3 per cent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and -50°C. Sera were diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7-2, on the day of testing and were used unheated, unless specified.Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Procedure The IFA procedure was done as previously described (Cohen, 1967). Briefly, 3 per cent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum antibody response in experimental human gonorrhoea. Immunoglobulins G, A, and M.

Cohen¹,

Kellogg²,

Norins³

1969

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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“…These antibodies are predominantly of class IgG (IgA does not cross the placenta [37]) and decay with a half-life of approximately 28 days [38]. Maternally derived antibodies have been shown to interfere with both oral and parenteral vaccines [21,39], and are in this respect distinct from several of the mechanisms considered below.…”

Section: Transplacental Antibodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of Impaired Oral Vaccine Efficacy in Developing Countries

et al. 2017

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Oral vaccines are less immunogenic when given to infants in low-income compared with high-income countries, limiting their potential public health impact. Here, we review factors that might contribute to this phenomenon, including transplacental antibodies, breastfeeding, histo blood group antigens, enteric pathogens, malnutrition, microbiota dysbiosis and environmental enteropathy. We highlight several clear risk factors for vaccine failure, such as the inhibitory effect of enteroviruses on oral poliovirus vaccine. We also highlight the ambiguous and at times contradictory nature of the available evidence, which undoubtedly reflects the complex and interconnected nature of the factors involved. Mechanisms responsible for diminished immunogenicity may be specific to each oral vaccine. Interventions aiming to improve vaccine performance may need to reflect the diversity of these mechanisms. Enteric pathogens are a substantial threat to public health. This threat takes many forms, from the toxin-producing bacteria (e.g., Vibrio cholerae) and flagellated protozoa (e.g., Giardia lamblia) that colonize the mucosal surface of the small intestine to the enteroviruses that are capable of spreading via the bloodstream to the CNS, causing acute flaccid paralysis (e.g., poliovirus). Each year, enteric pathogens cause hundreds of millions of cases of diarrhea and approximately 800,000 deaths, the vast majority of which occur among children in low-income countries [1]. The most common causes of childhood diarrheal morbidity include rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella [2].Vaccines against enteric pathogens are important tools for mitigating this disease burden. Oral vaccines offer several distinct benefits compared with parenteral vaccines. They can be produced in large quantities at relatively low cost, are easy to administer and have the capacity to induce local immunity in the intestinal mucosa, thereby protecting vaccinated individuals against subsequent infection and -by blocking onward transmission -enhancing herd immunity [3,4]. Currently licensed oral vaccines include live-attenuated poliovirus vaccines containing one, two or three serotypes, live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix R , RotaTeq R , Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine [China only] and Rotavac R [India only]), live-attenuated cholera vaccine (CVD 103-HgR or Vaxchora TM ), inactivated cholera vaccines (Dukoral R and Shanchol R ) and live-attenuated typhoid vaccine (Ty21a). Other oral vaccines are in development, including those against Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Campylobacter and Clostridium difficile, as well as several novel rotavirus vaccine candidates (including the human neonatal vaccine RV3-BB [5] and an oral bovine pentavalent vaccine [6]).Yet oral vaccines have an Achilles' heel -their immunogenicity and efficacy is impaired in low-income countries that experience the greatest burden of enteric disease (Box 1). For example, Rotarix has a 1-year protective efficacy against severe rotavirus-associated gas...

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“…Immunoglobulin Class In the late 1960s, several studies of natural serum antibodies reactive with N. gonorrhoeae and other gram-negative organisms were reported (14)(15)(16)(17). Indirect fluorescent-antibody assays were used and showed reactive immunoglobulin G (IgG) in adult sera and in umbilical-cord sera.…”

Section: Serum Antibody Response In Gonococcal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%