Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi and tick salivary gland proteins in New Jersey outdoor workers.

Schwartz, Brian S.; Goldstein, Michael; Childs, James E.

doi:10.2105/ajph.83.12.1746

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Although the human response to tick bite may include intense cutaneous inflammation with accompanying histological changes, people often are unaware of having been bitten (1,5,9,20,(24)(25)(26). Quantitative biologic markers of tick exposure are needed to better understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunology, and clinical manifestations of the human tick bite response.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…One such marker may be host antibody directed against tick antigen. The frequency of exposure to Ixodes ticks can be determined using whole salivary gland extract derived from I. scapularis and a recombinant calreticulin antigen derived from Amblyomma americanum (20,(24)(25)(26). No previous studies have used an Ixodes recombinant antigen to test deer tick exposure or examined people whose antibody status could be measured before and more than a few months after tick exposure in order to determine antibody kinetics.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Alarcón-Chaidez¹,

Ryan²,

Wikel³

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. People who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. Despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. In order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne infection and the immune response to tick bite, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibody to a recombinant form of calreticulin protein found in the salivary glands of Ixodes scapularis, a member of a complex of Ixodes ticks that serve as the vectors for Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Using this assay, we tested sera obtained from C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice before and after experimental deer tick infestation. These mice developed antibody to Ixodes calreticulin antigen after infestation. We then used the same assay to test sera obtained from people before and after they experienced deer tick bite(s). People experiencing deer tick bite(s) developed Ixodes calreticulinspecific antibody responses that persisted for up to 17 months. This Ixodes recombinant calreticulin ELISA provides objective evidence of deer tick exposure in people.

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Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Alarcón-Chaidez¹,

Ryan²,

Wikel³

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…4,5 Since 1991, investigations have suggested that anti-tick saliva antibodies are biologic markers of exposure to ticks. [6][7][8][9] For example, levels of anti-tick saliva antibody (ATSA), using sonicated whole Ixodes scapularis Say salivary glands as antigen, are associated with self-reported tick exposure, Lyme disease seroprevalence, and an index of tick engorgement. 7,10 The ATSA levels also decrease during periods of decreased tick exposure.…”

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Antibody to a cDNA-derived calreticulin protein from Amblyomma americanum as a biomarker of tick exposure in humans.

et al. 1998

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The antibody responses of human and animal hosts were studied to determine the utility of antibody against recombinant tick calreticulin (rTC), a cDNA-derived protein isolated from salivary glands of Amblyomma americanum L., as a biologic marker of tick exposure. Rabbits fed upon by either A. americanum or Dermacentor variabilis Say developed significant anti-rTC antibody responses, as measured by both ELISA and immunoblot assay. In contrast, gerbils exposed to Aedes aegypti did not develop anti-rTC antibodies, as measured by ELISA or immunoblot assay. The utility of the assay was next evaluated in humans at high risk for tick exposure. During April through September 1990, 192 military personnel who originated from either Fort Chaffee, Arkansas or Fort Wainwright, Alaska were studied during maneuvers in tick infested areas at Fort Chaffee. Study subjects completed a questionnaire and had pre-and post-maneuvers serum specimens analyzed for antibodies to rTC. In adjusted analysis (controlling for age, fort of origin, attached tick during maneuvers, and bed netting use), the use of bed netting and home station were associated with post-maneuvers anti-rTC antibody seropositivity by ELISA. Subjects from Fort Wainwright were more likely to be seropositive for anti-rTC antibody (adjusted odds ratio ϭ 5.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] ϭ 1.1-25.6). Personnel who did not report the use of bed netting were more likely to be anti-rTC seropositive (adjusted odds ratio ϭ 6.8, 95% CI ϭ 1.4-32.4). Immunoblot assays showed that humans had specific anti-rTC antibody responses. The animal experiments demonstrate that hosts exposed to naturally feeding ticks develop anti-rTC antibodies. The data also indicate that hosts exposed to Ae. aegypti saliva may not develop antibodies against rTC. Observations in tick-exposed humans support the hypothesis that anti-rTC antibody seropositivity is a biologic marker of tick exposure.

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“…Schwartz and others, who pioneered research into the use of anti-tick saliva antibodies as a biologic marker of tick exposure, [1][2][3][4][5] expressed similar concerns with the specificity of their AASA assay involving the ticks Ixodes dammini (now I. scapularis) and D. variabilis plus the mosquito A. aegypti. 1 In their initial assay, 1 all 3 antibodies to arthropods were intercorrelated and each of them was correlated with antibody titers to B. burgdorferi as well.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] In New Jersey, antibodies to salivary gland proteins of the vector tick Ixodes scapularis have been associated with measures of self-reported tick exposure (e.g., tick bites in the past year) among outdoor workers. Although problems with the specificity of the assay for certain ticks may limit its usefulness in some settings, 1 this technique holds considerable promise as an outcome measure in epidemiologic studies of the prevention of Lyme disease or other emerging tickborne infections, 6 and for identifying individuals or groups at high risk for such diseases.…”

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confidence: 99%

Anti-arthropod saliva antibodies among residents of a community at high risk for Lyme disease in California.

Lane¹,

Moss²,

Hsu³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The role of the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus) versus that of other potential arthropod vectors in the epidemiology of Lyme disease was evaluated by determining the prevalence of anti-arthropod saliva antibodies (AASA) among residents (n ϭ 104) of a community at high-risk (CHR). Salivary gland extracts prepared from I. pacificus, the Pacific Coast tick (Dermacentor occidentalis), the western cone-nose bug (Triatoma protracta), and the western tree-hole mosquito (Aedes sierrensis) were used as antigens in an ELISA. Sera from 50 residents of the San Francisco Bay region in northern California and 51 residents of Imperial County in southern California served as comparison groups. The prevalence of AASA ranged from 2% for A. sierrensis to 79% for I. pacificus in study subjects, 0% for D. occidentalis to 36% for I. pacificus among residents of the San Francisco Bay region, and 6% for I. pacificus to 24% for A. sierrensis in residents of Imperial County. The associations between AASA and demographic factors, potential risk factors, probable Lyme disease, and seropositivity for Borrelia burgdorferi were assessed for 85 members of the CHR. Seropositivity for I. pacificus and B. burgdorferi were significantly correlated, the relative risk of seropositivity to B. burgdorferi was about 5 (31% versus 6%) for subjects who were seroreactive to I. pacificus, nearly every individual who was seropositive for B. burgdorferi had elevated levels of antibodies to I. pacificus, and the mean titer for antibodies to I. pacificus was significantly higher for subjects seropositive versus those seronegative for B. burgdorferi. Together, these findings support the widely held belief that I. pacificus is the primary vector of B. burgdorferi for humans in northern California, and they demonstrate the utility of the AASA method as an epidemiologic tool for studying emerging tick-borne infections.Anti-tick saliva antibody has been used as a biologic marker of tick exposure that is a risk factor for seropositivity to the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

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Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi and tick salivary gland proteins in New Jersey outdoor workers.

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Antibody to a cDNA-derived calreticulin protein from Amblyomma americanum as a biomarker of tick exposure in humans.

Anti-arthropod saliva antibodies among residents of a community at high risk for Lyme disease in California.

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