Antibodies to maitotoxin elicited by immunization with toxin-fragment conjugates

Bignami, Gary S.; Waller, David F.; Yasumoto, Takeshi

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00094-3

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A competitive immunoassay was developed for MTX (Bignami et al, 1996). Several antibodybased assays have been used for the detection of the PTX-class of toxins including radioimmunoassays (Levine et al, 1988), ELISA (Bignami et al, 1992;Garet et al, 2010), hemolysis neutralization assays (Bignami, 1993), and the recently described surface plasmon resonance biosensor (Yakes et al, 2011); the most robust of these methods to date (i.e., providing rapid and sensitive PTX concentration determination in seafood matrices).…”

Section: Biological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis: Reassessment of the state of knowledge of their taxonomy, geography, ecophysiology, and toxicology

et al. 2012

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Section: Biological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis: Reassessment of the state of knowledge of their taxonomy, geography, ecophysiology, and toxicology

et al. 2012

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“…In the case of MTX, many of these congeners have yet to be identified. For this reason, the toxicity of Gambierdiscus isolates have been primarily assessed using the mouse LC 50 bioassay, receptor binding assay, or erythrocyte lysis assay (Yasumoto et al, 1979b; Nakajima et al, 1981; Holmes et al, 1990; Diogene et al, 1995; Bignami et al, 1996; Louzao et al, 2006; Caillaud et al, 2010; Chinain et al, 2010). In this study, we used the erythrocyte lysis assay developed by Eschbach et al (2001) as modified by Tatters et al (2009) to determine how toxicity varies among Gambierdiscus species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in the toxicity of six Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species measured using an in vitro human erythrocyte lysis assay

Holland

Litaker

Tomas

et al. 2013

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This study examined the toxicity of six Gambierdiscus species (Gambierdiscus belizeanus, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri, Gambierdiscus ribotype 2 and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri) using a human erythrocyte lysis assay. In all, 56 isolates were tested. The results showed certain species were significantly more toxic than others. Depending on the species, hemolytic activity consistently increased by ∼7-40% from log phase growth to late log - early stationary growth phase and then declined in mid-stationary growth phase. Increasing growth temperatures from 20 to 31 °C for clones of G. caribaeus showed only a slight increase in hemolytic activity between 20 and 27 °C. Hemolytic activity in the G. carolinianus isolates from different regions grown over the same 20-31 °C range remained constant. These data suggest that growth temperature is not a significant factor in modulating the inter-isolate and interspecific differences in hemolytic activity. The hemolytic activity of various isolates measured repeatedly over a 2 year period remained constant, consistent with the hemolytic compounds being constitutively produced and under strong genetic control. Depending on species, greater than 60-90% of the total hemolytic activity was initially associated with the cell membranes but diffused into solution over a 24 h assay incubation period at 4 °C. These findings suggest that hemolytic compounds produced by Gambierdiscus isolates were held in membrane bound vesicles as reported for brevetoxins produced by Karenia brevis. Gambierdiscus isolates obtained from other parts of the world exhibited hemolytic activities comparable to those found in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico confirming the range of toxicities is similar among Gambierdiscus species worldwide. Experiments using specific inhibitors of the MTX pathway and purified MTX, Gambierdiscus whole cell extracts, and hydrophilic cell extracts containing MTX, were consistent with MTX as the primary hemolytic compound produced by Gambierdiscus species. While the results from inhibition studies require validation by LC-MS analysis, the available data strongly suggest differences in hemolytic activity observed in this study reflect maitotoxicity.

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Maitotoxin, Okadaic Acid, and Microcystins: Toxins That Disturb Signal Transduction and Phosphorylations

Puiseux‐Dao¹,

Bouaı̈cha²,

Diogène³

2000

Animal Toxins

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Antibodies to maitotoxin elicited by immunization with toxin-fragment conjugates

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis: Reassessment of the state of knowledge of their taxonomy, geography, ecophysiology, and toxicology

Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis: Reassessment of the state of knowledge of their taxonomy, geography, ecophysiology, and toxicology

Differences in the toxicity of six Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species measured using an in vitro human erythrocyte lysis assay

Maitotoxin, Okadaic Acid, and Microcystins: Toxins That Disturb Signal Transduction and Phosphorylations

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