Antibodies to neuron-specific antigens in children with autism: possible cross-reaction with encephalitogenic proteins from milk, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus group A

Vojdani, Aristo; Campbell, Andrew W; Anyanwu, Ebere C.; Kashanian, A; Bock, Kenneth; Vojdani, Elroy

doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00180-7

Cited by 175 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Production of IL-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α may result in oligodendrocyte damage and demyelination, thereby playing a role in the pathogenesis of autism. As such, a mother's immune response(s) to infection includes the formation/release of antibodies and cytokines that could cross the immature blood-brain barrier of the fetus and which, over time, could cause autism (Vojdani et al, 2002;Atladóttir et al, 2010).…”

Section: Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical aspects of autism: Causes—A review

Ratajczak¹

2011

Journal of Immunotoxicology

133

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Section: Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The antibodies may have been synthesized as a result of an alteration in the blood-brain barrier, allowing preexisting T-lymphocytes and central nervous system antigens access to immunocompetent cells, which may start a vicious cycle (Vojdani et al, 2002).…”

Section: Autoimmune Reactions Versus Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical aspects of autism: Causes—A review

Ratajczak¹

2011

Journal of Immunotoxicology

133

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“…Moreover, Vojdani et al [2002] detected antibodies against nine different neuronspecific antigens in the sera of children with autism. The antibodies could bind with different encephalitogenic molecules, which have sequence homologies with the milk protein BTN.…”

Section: Butyrophilin and Autismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition, Properties and Nutritional Aspects of Milk Fat Globule Membrane – A Review

El-Loly¹

2011

Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci.

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processes and defense mechanisms in the newborn [Cavaletto et al., 2006].The stabilizing membrane acts as reactive sorts on the interface between the barriers of milk serum. As such, it can be globule and rate-controlling for a host of physical and of enzymes chemical interactions, e.g., binding mace elements; controlled release of the polar materials products of lipolysis; transfer of milk serum; maintenance of emulsion into stability by prevention of globule fusion; availability of fatty acids and cholesterol for micellar absorption in the small intestine; and destabilization by creaming, clumping, churning, freeze-thaw, and heating, resulting in loosely bound substances into milk transfer serum. Worthy of notice is that the interactions are dynamic.Moreover, it is assumed that the MFGM proteins also possess specific nutritional properties. As such, due to their origin, composition and structure, MFGM polar lipids and proteins could be used as an emulsifier or stabilizer, combining technological and nutritional functionality [Mulder & Walstra, 1974;Anderson & Cawston, 1975;Patton & Keenan, 1975;Patton & Jensen, 1975, 1976Keenan et al., 1983;Mather & Keenan, 1983; McPherson & Kitchen, 1983; Walstra & Jenness, 1984;Keenan & Dylewski, 1985 Bucbheim, 1986;Mather, 1987; Keenan et al., 1988;Keenan & Dylewski, 1995;Keenan & Patton, 1995;Mather & Keenan, 1998;Danthine et al., 2000; Keenan, 2001; Keenan & Mather, 2002; Ollivier--Bousquet, 2002;Lopez et al., 2006Lopez et al., , 2007Sanchez-Juanes et al., 2009;Zamora et al., 2009]. Composition, Properties and Nutritional Aspects of Milk Fat Globule Membrane -a Review Mohamed Mansour El-Loly Dairy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, EgyptKey words: milk fat globule membrane, mammary gland, isolation, structure, stability, nutritional, nutraceuticalIn the last few years, knowledge on the composition and properties of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) increased significantly. It is now recognized that the MFGM is highly complex in structure and composed of different protein and lipid components with specific technological and nutritional properties. As such, MFGM materials have been isolated and characterized as valuable ingredients for incorporation into new food products. However, MFGM are also sensitive to modification during isolation and processing, and care should be taken to standardize the composition and characteristics of the membrane to maintain its unique properties during application in food products.The MFGM is subject to changes in composition and structure from the moment the fat globule leaves the mammary secretory cell. Upon milk harvesting and further milk handling, further changes to the MFGM take place. Depending on the type and degree of treatment, this may involve different physico-chemical interactions between various membrane components, the loss of membrane components and/or adsorption of components from the milk plasma. However, the effects appear to be variable and dependent on physiological (animal) factors, and much remains ...

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“…Maternal serum CRH can cross the placenta, and potentially high amounts of CRH could be produced by the placenta itself in response to external or intrauterine stress (Grammatopoulos, 2008;Torricelli et al, 2011). CRH can then disrupt the BBB (Theoharides & Konstantinidou, 2007), which appears to be compromised in ASD patients, as indicated by the presence of autoantibodies against encephalogenic peptides Goines & Van de Water J., 2010;Singer et al, 2006;Vojdani et al, 2002;Wills et al, 2008). BBB disruption due to stress is dependent on both CRH Fig.…”

Section: Perinatal Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%