squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) were estimated to be the eighth leading cause of cancer, accounting for 3% of malignancies in men.1) At present, surgery and radiation therapy, separately or in combination, are the main courses of treatment. In advanced stages of the disease, chemotherapy is added to surgery and/or radiation.1) However, preservation of organ structure and function and fewer therapeutic side effects in the oral area are important for the treatment of oral cancer, because some patients worry that they may become functionally and cosmetically unacceptable. In addition, OSCC is resistant to both radiation 2,3) and chemotherapy. 3,4) Thus, there are a number of problems associated with OSCC treatment. Recently, various basic and clinical observations suggest that the patient's immune system plays a role in the course of oral cell cancer. In vivo tumor regression by IL-12 and IL-2, inducing CD80 expression, 5) the presence of a CD8 ϩ T-cell-mediated immune response 6) and the number of dendritic cells infiltrating the tumor are highly significant prognostic parameters. 7) These results have lead to the hypothesis that activation of the patient's immune system will enhance anti-OSCC therapy.MUC1 (human mucin 1, epsialin) is an epithelial, cell-associated mucin normally expressed on the apical surface, but differences in MUC1 expression on cancer cells make MUC1 epitopes tumor-specific. On tumor cells, MUC1 is highly overexpressed and loses its polarized distribution on the cell surface. Tumor-associated MUC1 is also underglycosylated, resulting in the exposure of immunodominant peptide sequences that are normally concealed. MUC1 is expressed by most adenocarcinomas of the breast, lung, stomach, pancreas, colon, ovary, bladder and prostate. MUC1 is thus an important marker of malignancy and is a target for several immunotherapies currently under investigation (for reviews on MUC1 and cancer, see ref. 8). The level of MUC1 expression has been shown to correlate with the degree of breast tumor differentiation, estrogen receptor status, and clinical outcome of breast cancers, 9) plus both progression and metastases of epithelial ovarian cancers.10) Anti-MUC1 C595 monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognizes a tumor-associated core protein epitope and currently investigates under the clinical studies. In OSCCs, distinct membrane MUC1 mucin staining patterns were identified in 59.7% of OSCC patients.11) Furthermore, the malignant transformation of oral epithelium, tumor invasion, and tumor metastasis were associated with higher MUC1 mucin expression.11) Thus, MUC1 mucin expression may be a useful diagnostic marker for prediction of the invasive/metastatic potential of OSCC.Immunotherapy using mAbs holds great promise as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy because of its ability to target cancer cells specifically while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. This is an important advantage over relatively non-specific chemo-and radio-therapeutic treatments. Eight anti-cancer mAbs have been approved by the Food and Dru...