Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Viral Infections

Kulkarni, Ruta

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1045-8_2

Cited by 72 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 191 publications

(216 reference statements)

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“…ADE is commonly observed when non-neutralizing antibodies are present following initial priming of the immune system. Non-neutralizing antibodies can still bind the viral target with the potential to cross-link with Fc receptors, or activate complement and interact with complement receptors, to enhance viral infection of host cells ( 241 ). ADE is more commonly observed to be Fc receptor-mediated, however complement-mediated ADE has been reported for HIV-1 ( 242 ), MERS-CoV ( 243 ), and EBOV ( 244 ).…”

Section: Significance For Vaccines and Therapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics

et al. 2020

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The complement system is a key component of innate immunity which readily responds to invading microorganisms. Activation of the complement system typically occurs via three main pathways and can induce various antimicrobial effects, including: neutralization of pathogens, regulation of inflammatory responses, promotion of chemotaxis, and enhancement of the adaptive immune response. These can be vital host responses to protect against acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Consequently, many viruses (including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Nipah virus) have evolved mechanisms for evasion or dysregulation of the complement system to enhance viral infectivity and even exacerbate disease symptoms. The complement system has multifaceted roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, with both intracellular and extracellular functions, that can be relevant to all stages of viral infection. A better understanding of this virus-host interplay and its contribution to pathogenesis has previously led to: the identification of genetic factors which influence viral infection and disease outcome, the development of novel antivirals, and the production of safer, more effective vaccines. This review will discuss the antiviral effects of the complement system against numerous viruses, the mechanisms employed by these viruses to then evade or manipulate this system, and how these interactions have informed vaccine/therapeutic development. Where relevant, conflicting findings and current research gaps are highlighted to aid future developments in virology and immunology, with potential applications to the current COVID-19 pandemic.

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Section: Significance For Vaccines and Therapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics

et al. 2020

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“…Therefore, the second pathological mechanism of the SARS viruses is related to the anti-S protein-neutralizing antibodies (anti-S-IgG) released by the host in order to fight infection [23]. The antibody-dependent enhancement related to viral infection is a paradoxical process characterized by the presence of virus specific antibodies that augment viral entry within host cells and replication of the pathogen, leading to an exacerbation of the disease [44]. In vivo studies confirmed that the presence of the anti-spike protein antibodies not only induced viral suppression, but also caused severe acute lung injury in the early stages of SARS-CoV infection.…”

Section: Clinical Impact Of Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2: Repurposed Drugs and Novel Therapeutic Approaches—Insights into Chemical Structure—Biological Activity and Toxicological Screening

Dehelean

Lăzureanu

Coricovac

et al. 2020

JCM

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SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic represents the primary public health concern nowadays, and great efforts are made worldwide for efficient management of this crisis. Considerable scientific progress was recorded regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection in terms of genomic structure, diagnostic tools, viral transmission, mechanism of viral infection, symptomatology, clinical impact, and complications, but these data evolve constantly. Up to date, neither an effective vaccine nor SARS-CoV-2 specific antiviral agents have been approved, but significant advances were enlisted in this direction by investigating repurposed approved drugs (ongoing clinical trials) or developing innovative antiviral drugs (preclinical and clinical studies). This review presents a thorough analysis of repurposed drug admitted for compassionate use from a chemical structure—biological activity perspective highlighting the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties and the toxicophore groups linked to potential adverse effects. A detailed pharmacological description of the novel potential anti-COVID-19 therapeutics was also included. In addition, a comprehensible overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in terms of general description and structure, mechanism of viral infection, and clinical impact was portrayed.

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“…5,19 Antibody-dependent enhancement resulting in an increase in the intensity of infection may occur with the use of convalescent plasma, in which antibodies that are supposed to protect the host actually facilitate viral entry and replication in the target cell. 20 The possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement is a concern in the development of immunotherapies and vaccines and potentially as an unforeseen AE from young plasma infusions. People with PD may be at a higher risk of severe complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and for adverse effects of plasma therapies as a result of older age, susceptibility to pneumonia, concomitant physical morbidity, and evidence of underlying neuroinflammation that has led to autoimmune mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Safety of Plasma Infusions in Parkinson's Disease

et al. 2020

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A BS TRACT: Background: Young plasma infusions have emerged as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disease, and convalescent plasma therapy has been used safely in the management of viral pandemics. However, the effect of plasma therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of plasma infusions in people with PD. Methods: A total of 15 people with clinically established PD, at least 1 cognitive complaint, and on stable therapy received 1 unit of young fresh frozen plasma twice a week for 4 weeks. Assessments and adverse effects were performed/reported on and off therapy at baseline, immediately after, and 4 weeks after the infusions ended. Adverse effects were also assessed during infusions. The primary outcomes were safety, tolerability, and feasibility. Exploratory outcomes included Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III off medication, neuropsychological battery, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6), uric acid, and quantitative kinematics. Results: Adherence rate was 100% with no serious adverse effects. There was evidence of improvement in phonemic fluency (P = 0.002) and in the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 stigma subscore (P = 0.013) that were maintained at the delayed evaluation. Elevated baseline tumor necrosis factor-α levels decreased 4 weeks after the infusions ended. Conclusions: Young fresh frozen plasma was safe, feasible, and well tolerated in people with PD, without serious adverse effects and with preliminary evidence for improvements in phonemic fluency and stigma. The results of this study warrant further therapeutic investigations in PD and provide safety and feasibility data for plasma therapy in people with PD who may be at higher risk for severe complications of COVID-19.

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Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Viral Infections

Cited by 72 publications

References 191 publications

Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics

Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics

SARS-CoV-2: Repurposed Drugs and Novel Therapeutic Approaches—Insights into Chemical Structure—Biological Activity and Toxicological Screening

Safety of Plasma Infusions in Parkinson's Disease

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