Antibody developments for metal ions and their applications

Abstract

Metal ions are beneficial or toxic in part depending on their identity, valence state, and concentration. Antibodies against radioactive metal ions can be used in medical diagnosis and therapy, while antibodies against heavy metal ions are widely used in the trace element analysis of the immunoassay. This review focuses on the recent advances in antibody developments for metal ions and their applications. We exhaustively enumerated 18 chelate or ligand structures for metal hapten synthesis, which were proven to produce antibodies that cover almost 33 metal ions. The binding properties of these antibodies for their corresponding haptens were also discussed both in the structural foundation and molecular foundation. Furthermore, the representative applications of the antibodies used in medical diagnostics and therapy, and immunoassays were summarized. Finally, we illustrated the present challenges in high specific metal ion antibody preparation, and in immunoassay development. The future perspectives were also discussed.

Microbial Sensing and Removal of Heavy Metals: Bioelectrochemical Detection and Removal of Chromium(VI) and Cadmium(II)

“…For detecting acute toxicity caused by heavy metals, pesticides and organic solvents, several biochemical assays were applied based on the function of microorganisms [ 13 ], bacteria [ 14 ], antibodies [ 15 ] and enzymes [ 16 ]. Indicator microbes provide a simpler method [ 17 ] because microorganisms have biosorption capabilities as well as they are easy to culture in a short generation time so their response to toxic substances is quite rapid [ 18 ].…”

Ten Years Progress of Electrical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions (HMIs) Using Various Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Nanosensors: A Review

“…The development of antibodies-antigen based sensors or immunoassays for the detection of heavy metal ions has grown rapidly since the discovery of antibodies against metal chelates in 1985 [ 130 ]. To date, a total of 66 antibodies against metal ions have been reported in the published literature [ 131 ]. An SWCNT-FET immunoassay functionalized with transferrin antibody for detection of iron (III) in wine has been reported [ 132 ].…”

A prototype of ultrasensitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the quantitation of lead in plasma using a fluorescence-enhanced europium chelate label for the detection system

“…Because of these characteristics, the Human Exposure Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated a program to develop and evaluate new immunoassay methods for screening and quantitative analysis of compounds of environmental concern. 20 Most environmental immunoassays are directed toward organic compounds; 18,19 however, this technique applied to any analyte, including metals, if a suitable antibody can be generated. 20–23…”