Antibody response and therapy in COVID-19 patients: what can be learned for vaccine development?

Abstract

The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people and caused tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 infection is lacking, and different therapeutic strategies are under testing. Host humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection is a critical determinant for patients’ outcomes. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in seroconversion and production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The antibodies may suppress viral replication through neutralization but might also participate in COVID-19 pathogenesis through a process termed antibody-dependent enhancement. Rapid progress has been made in the research of antibody response and therapy in COVID-19 patients, including characterization of the clinical features of antibody responses in different populations infected by SARS-CoV-2, treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma and intravenous immunoglobin products, isolation and characterization of a large panel of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies and early clinical testing, as well as clinical results from several COVID-19 vaccine candidates. In this review, we summarize the recent progress and discuss the implications of these findings in vaccine development.

Dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in repeat convalescent plasma donors

“…The results of this study, which analyze the temporal dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in CCP donors during their repeat donations, are in line with those reported in the literature [4]. For instance, in a previous study on 494 consecutive CCP donors we have demonstrated that COVID-19 severity was associated with greater antibody responses [7].…”

“…Although short-term seroprevalence studies have consistently demonstrated a seroconversion of IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against viral spike and nucleocapsid proteins within 1-3 weeks after symptom onset and a rapid decline of IgM and IgA titers [3], less information is available about the long-term course of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies [4]. This topic has not only speculative value but can also have important practical implications for vaccine development and administration schedule, in order to provide an adequate and long-lasting immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated people [4]. In addition, understanding the dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is critical to collect the most appropriate plasma units from individuals recovered from COVID-19 (COVID-19 convalescent plasma, CCP).…”

Computational evidence for nitro derivatives of quinoline and quinoline N-oxide as low-cost alternative for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…Clinical characterization protocols are now being collected on patients worldwide to better define the illness, in terms of its natural history, mode of transmission, clinical profiles, management, and specific risk factors, to prevent or overcome the damaging effects of the disease 9 , 17 . What is known so far is that a significant proportion of individuals infected by COVID-19 remain asymptomatic and are thus an unbeknownst potential source of infection 18 , 19 .…”

Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on the Surfaces of Three Meats in the Setting That Simulates the Cold Chain Transportation

“… 2020 ; Zhang et al . 2020 ). In our study, we used two viral concentrations and tried to simulate the viral titers present in patient respiratory samples.…”