Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Guidance on vaccination of HIV‐infected children in Europe

“…Few immunogenicity studies reported to date involve HIV‐positive children on HAART. In the pre‐HAART era, responses in children to Hib conjugate vaccine were reduced and relatively short‐lived . In a US case series of 18 children (median age 7 years) on HAART for a median of 20 months (79% with virological suppression), 78% had protective anti‐Hib concentrations after one‐to‐four doses of vaccine, and three of four children who required an additional dose of vaccine seroconverted , indicating the potential benefit of revaccinating this group once on effective HAART.…”

Cross-reactivity of anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies to neuromuscular blockers in a murine model of immunization

“…Phosphorylcholine is a component of several bacterial, mycotic and parasitic antigens [23][24][25] and antibodies induced by PC-KLH immunization in mice could mediate protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis infections [26,27]. This isotype is also represented among natural anti-PC antibodies, as well as in antipneumococcal vaccinationinduced antibodies [22,28]. Natural autoantibodies are encoded by non-mutated germline V H or V L genes [29] and they react with a variety of self-determinants, such as carbohydrates and glycolipids, and often cross-react with bacterial to provide a fundamental tier of the adaptive immune system.…”

Respiratory Bacterial Vaccines

“…PRP-T was capable of inducing protective immunity even in immunocompromised infants, such as those with sickle cell disease ( Goldblatt et al, 1996), and its effectiveness was established in developing countries including Gambia, Chile, and the Philippines ( Capeding et al, 1996;Lagos et al, 1996;Robbins et al, 1996). Of note, Hib conjugate vaccines appear less immunogenic in HIV-infected children over 18 months after a single dose (Gibb et al, 1995;Peters and Sood, 1994). In addition to protecting from invasive H. influenzae disease, Hib conjugate vaccines appear to substantially reduce asymptomatic colonization in immunized populations and induce herd protection.…”