Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update

Dibo, Miriam; Battocchio, Eduardo Coló; Souza, Lucas Marcelino dos Santos; Silva, Matheus D Veloso da; Banin-Hirata, Bruna Karina; Sapla, Milena M M; Marinello, Poliana Camila; Rocha, Sérgio Paulo Dejato da; Faccin-Galhardi, Lígia Carla

doi:10.2174/1389201020666190809112704

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Effective strategies to treat this disease are urgently needed, but no drugs have been proven to be effective for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia 4 . Antibodies are key components in the immune responses to viral infections 5,6 . Raised SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) have been detected in serum of COVID-19 patients 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated serum IgM levels indicate poor outcome in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: A retrospective case-control study

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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A total of 116 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulins tested in Tongji hospital were retrospectively investigated. Clinical, laboratory, radiological characteristics and outcomes data were compared between mild-moderate group and died group. Further, a paired case-control study was conducted where each deceased case was matched to three mild-moderate patients of similar age. Findings:Among 116 subjects included, 101 mild-moderate patients survived and 15 cases died.SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM levels peaked in forth week after onset of COVID-19 pneumonia, while serum IgG levels increased over 8 weeks. Serum IgM levels were higher in deceased patients than mild-moderate patients (P = 0.024), but not IgG.Serum IgM levels were negatively correlated with clinical outcome, eosinophil count and albumin levels (r = -0.269, P = 0.003; r = -0.188, P = 0.043; and r = -0.198, P = 0.033, resp.). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for IgM antibody was 0.681 (95% CI: 0.517-0.845, P = 0.024). In case-control study paired by age, serum IgM was higher in deceased patients than mild-moderate patients (P = 0.019), positively correlated with leucocyte count (r = 0.260, P = 0.045), while negatively correlated with clinical outcome and albumin levels (r = -0.337, P = 0.008; r = -0.265, P = 0.041).AUC for IgM levels was 0.704 (95% CI: 0.534-0.873, P = 0.019). Interpretation:These results indicate that dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG antibodies was similar with that of SARS-CoV, while elevated serum IgM levels indicate poor outcome in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated serum IgM levels indicate poor outcome in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: A retrospective case-control study

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…These agents are known to bind directly to the viral antigen and bring about activation of the immune system. [49][50][51]89,90 In this regard, tocilizumab was reported in the treatment of COVID-19. It was previously shown to target the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), thereby causing immunosuppression and used primarily for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic options for COVID-19: a quick review

Muhammad

Bande

Ishaka

et al. 2021

Journal of Chemotherapy

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“…36 The use of antibody therapy for the control of viral diseases has already been reviewed and some therapies have been approved for human testing. 37 As an example, the company ProteoGenix launched accelerated therapeutic antibody discovery by screening a naive antibody human library (LiAb-SFMAXÔ, scFv, Fab, IgG) or an immune human antibody library (obtained from the plasma of COVID-19 survivors) by using the phage display technique (https:// bit.ly/2LlOsVQ). This demonstrates that accelerated therapeutic antibody discovery is highly feasible.…”

Section: Natural Bacteriophages' Potential-a Direct Weapon Against Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriophages Could Be a Potential Game Changer in the Trajectory of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Wojewodzic

2020

PHAGE

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The pandemic of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has caused the death of at least 270,000 people as of the 8th of May 2020. This work stresses the potential role of bacteriophages to decrease the mortality rate of patients infected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The indirect cause of mortality in Covid-19 is miscommunication between the innate and adaptive immune systems, resulting in a failure to produce effective antibodies against the virus on time. Although further research is urgently needed, secondary bacterial infections in the respiratory system could potentially contribute to the high mortality rate observed among the elderly due to Covid-19. If bacterial growth, together with delayed production of antibodies, is a significant contributing factor to Covid-19's mortality rate, then the additional time needed for the human body's adaptive immune system to produce specific antibodies could be gained by reducing the bacterial growth rate in the respiratory system of a patient. Independently of that, the administration of synthetic antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 viruses could potentially decrease the viral load. The decrease of bacterial growth and the covalent binding of synthetic antibodies to viruses should further diminish the production of inflammatory fluids in the lungs of patients (the indirect cause of death). Although the first goal could potentially be achieved by antibiotics, I argue that other methods may be more effective or could be used together with antibiotics to decrease the growth rate of bacteria, and that respective clinical trials should be launched. Both goals can be achieved by bacteriophages. The bacterial growth rate could potentially be reduced by the aerosol application of natural bacteriophages that prey on the main species of bacteria known to cause respiratory failure and should be harmless to a patient. Independently of that, synthetically changed bacteriophages could be used to quickly manufacture specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. This can be done via a Nobel Prize awarded technique called ''phage display.'' If it works, the patient is given extra time to produce their own specific antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and stop the damage caused by an excessive immunological reaction.

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Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update

Cited by 31 publications

References 106 publications

Elevated serum IgM levels indicate poor outcome in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: A retrospective case-control study

Elevated serum IgM levels indicate poor outcome in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: A retrospective case-control study

Therapeutic options for COVID-19: a quick review

Bacteriophages Could Be a Potential Game Changer in the Trajectory of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

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