Anticancer Activity of 2-O-caffeoyl Alphitolic Acid Extracted from the Lichen, Usnea barbata 2017-KL-10

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is one of the life-threatening ailments causing high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite the innovation in medical genetics, the prognosis for metastatic colorectal cancer in patients remains unsatisfactory. Recently, lichens have attracted the attention of researchers in the search for targets to fight against cancer. Lichens are considered mines of thousands of metabolites. Researchers have reported that lichen-derived metabolites demonstrated biological effects, such as anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, antipyretic, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic, on various cell lines. However, the exploration of the biological activities of lichens’ metabolites is limited. Thus, the main objective of our study was to evaluate the anticancer effect of secondary metabolites isolated from lichen (Usnea barbata 2017-KL-10) on the human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116. In this study, 2OCAA exhibited concentration-dependent anticancer activities by suppressing antiapoptotic genes, such as MCL-1, and inducing apoptotic genes, such as BAX, TP53, and CDKN1A(p21). Moreover, 2OCAA inhibited the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these data suggest that 2OCAA is a better therapeutic candidate for colorectal cancer.

Antiplasmodial and Antileishmanial Activities of a New Limonoid and Other Constituents from the Stem Bark of Khaya senegalensis

“…The remaining 13 known compounds were identified as follows: bellericagenin B (2) [24,25], alphitolic acid (3) [26,27], methyl angolensate (4) [28], rohituka-3 (5) [11,29], khayanolide E (6) [30,31], oleanolic acid (7) [32], Belamcanidin (8) [25,33], catechin (9) [34], gynuramide IV (10) [35], a mixture of β-sitosterol (11) and stigmasterol (13) [36], and a mixture of β-sitosterol glycoside (12) and stigmasterol glycoside (14) [37,38].…”

“…The MeOH crude extract from Khaya senegalensis stem bark, the fractions, and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Dd2 and chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum as well as antileishmanial and cytotoxicity activities against the Leishmania donovani strain and RAW 264.7 cancer cell lines, respectively (Figure 3, Table 2). According to a previ- The remaining 13 known compounds were identified as follows: bellericagenin B (2) [24,25], alphitolic acid (3) [26,27], methyl angolensate (4) [28], rohituka-3 (5) [11,29], khayanolide E (6) [30,31], oleanolic acid (7) [32], Belamcanidin (8) [25,33], catechin (9) [34], gynuramide IV (10) [35], a mixture of β-sitosterol (11) and stigmasterol (13) [36], and a mixture of β-sitosterol glycoside (12) and stigmasterol glycoside (14) [37,38].…”

UHPLC-MS Metabolomic Fingerprinting, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Himantormia lugubris from Antarctica

“…Usnic acid has been reported as the most important bioactive compound in several lichens, and mostly extracts of the genus Usnea [26] because of its abundance, easy isolation, multiple biological activities, and promising contribution as a component of phytopharmaceuticals [27,28]. The content of usnic acid in our Antarctic sample of H. lugubris was close to 1% measured by HPLC (Table 2), close to that reported in the lichens Parmelia conspersa (1.1 ± 0.09%), Hypogymnia tubulosa (1.24 ± 0.09%), and Lavoparmelia caperata (1.29 ± 0.03%) [29] and lower than that of Usnea lichen (1.69 ± 1.9%) [30].…”

Evaluation of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg Extract in Canola Oil Loaded in Bioadhesive Oral Films for Potential Applications in Oral Cavity Infections and Malignancy

“…Usnea sp. (old man’s beard) has been used since ancient times, having a broad use across many cultures throughout the world: as an antiseptic (Argentina), eupeptic (Italy), wound healer (Canary Islands), antibacterial (Saudi Arabia), and antitumor agent (Chile) [ 2 , 4 ]. In Europe, Usnea lichens have been commonly used as a topical medication due to usnic acid’s antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties [ 5 ].…”