Anticancer and Antibacterial Activity of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles byAspergillus niger

Abstract

Cadmium-tolerant (6 mM) Aspergillus niger (RCMB 002002) biomass was challenged with aqueous cadmium chloride (1 mM) followed by sodium sulfide (9 mM) at 37°C for 96 h under shaking conditions (200 rpm), resulting in the formation of highly stable polydispersed cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdSNPs). Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of spherical particles measuring approximately 5 nm. A light scattering detector (LSD) showed that 100% of the CSNPs measure from 2.7 to 7.5 nm. Structural analyses by both powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of cubic CdS nanoparticles (CdSNPs) capped with fungal proteins. These CdSNPs showed emission spectra with a broad fluorescence peak at 420 nm and UV absorption onset at 430 nm that shifted to 445 nm after three months of incubation. The CdSNPs showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, and no antimicrobial activity was detected against Candida albicans. The biosynthesized CdSNPs have cytotoxic activity, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 190 μg mL-1 against MCF7, 246 μg mL-1 against PC3, and 149 μg mL-1 against A549 cell lines.

Biosynthesis and Anti-Mycotoxigenic Activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe-Derived Metal Nanoparticles

“…The mycotoxigenic fungal isolates, Fusarium oxysporum FR11, Aspergillus fumigatus JX006238, and A. awamori JQ695830.1 were isolated, morphologically and molecularly identified [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. The antifungal activity of the synthesized NPs was estimated by the disc-diffusion method [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Biogenic Sulfur-Based Chalcogenide Nanocrystals: Methods of Fabrication, Mechanistic Aspects, and Bio-Applications

“…Compared to intracellular approaches, the living cells could theoretically be recycled indefinitely to carry out NP fabrication; besides, the NP recovery is easy, simple, and fast, resulting in very competitive costs and large-scale production opportunities [90,91]. Typically, aqueous solutions of corresponding salts, such as silver nitrate and cadmium chloride, are introduced into cell suspensions where they interact with enzymes located at the cell membrane and/or excreted biomolecules [81,[92][93][94] to yield NPs in suspension or absorbed on the cell membrane [90].…”

“…Fungi and yeast have proven effective in bio-nanotechnology via various, low-cost and scalable approaches that result in the production of diverse nanomaterials [16,45]. In comparison to bacteria, fungi possess greater tolerance to metal ions due to higher cell wall binding capabilities enabling more metal bioaccumulation and, therefore, effective and large-scale NP bio-production [10,20,92,101]. In fungi, including yeast and plants, metal ions trigger different mechanisms for the enhanced synthesis of metallothioneins (MTs) or glutathione-derived peptides, also known as phytochelatins, that chelate these cations, thus decreasing the medium toxicity [107,164].…”

“…Interestingly, the same NM might be produced using several species. For instance, CdS NPs are obtained using A. niger [92], F. oxysporum [165,171],…”

“…On the other hand, the presence of precursors is necessary when employing fungi to produce released enzymes and peptides that participate in the extracellular NP synthesis. An additional complication lies in the variability of the NP synthesis kinetics as the process may complete within a few hours or last up to several days, depending on several parameters, such as the used organism and species, its growth stage, and sufficient production of key biomolecules involved in the process [92,168,169,175,178,180,182].…”