Testicular dysfunction is one of the serious side effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy. It has been reported that low sexual function and quality of life and infertility concerns associated with gonadal insufficiency in young patients are related to psychosocial distress (Levi et al., 2015). Doxorubicin (DOX, brand name Adriamycin), which is one of the most important cornerstones of many chemotherapeutic protocols, is an anticancer drug selected in the treatment of many chemo-responsive tumours from ovarian, breast, liver and lung cancer and lymphomas. However, DOX can cause severe dose-dependent toxicity for other nontarget tissues, including testicular tissues (e.g. reduced testicular weight; Nishi et al., 2018). Studies have reported that DOX toxicity causes testicular damage and apoptosis and adversely affects reproductive function (Kopalli et al., 2016; Nowrouzi et al., 2019). In addition, DOX has been reported to increase oxidative stress by reducing antioxidant capacity in testicular tissue (Uyeturk et al., 2014). Does DOX cause testicular toxicity by only increasing oxidative stress and apoptosis? Or does DOX have an effect on testicular