“…We contribute to the AI literature in multiple ways. First, empirical research is lacking investigating unique stages in the value co-creation process for digital transformations (Dahl et al , 2023; Verhoef et al , 2021), particularly with regard to AI and healthcare (Kopalle et al , 2022; Zhu et al , 2022). We also respond to calls for research investigating AI in interactive marketing, exploring how firms and consumers work together to create value, engagement and participation (Manser Payne et al , 2021a; Wang, 2021).…”