Anticollision Safety Design and Control Methodology for Human-Symbiotic Robot Manipulator.

Safety Intelligence and Legal Machine Language: Do We Need the Three Laws of Robotics?

“…The robot's powerful hydraulic arm pushed the engineer into some adjacent machinery, thus making Urada the first recorded victim to die at the hands of a robot ("Trust Me," 2006). This example clearly supports Morita et al's (1998) observation that when task-performing robots and humans share the same physical space, the overriding goal must be to ensure human safety. They note that several safety principles have already been adopted for industrial robots-for example, separation of operation space, fail-safe design, and emergency stop buttons.…”